Negative Kelvin Update

Negative Kelvin Update .
Andre Willers
17 Feb 2011

Synopsis :
Laboratory achievement of negative Kelvin energy storage devices should be done during 2011.

Discussion :
See
http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Negative Kelvin" Feb 2009 (Copied in Appendix A for ease of reference)

The experimental set-up is explained in
NewScientist 4 Dec 2010 p15 "How to venture below absolute zero"
And set out more formally in
Physical Review Letters , DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105..220405
(Work by Mosk , Rosch and colleagues.)

Interestingly , this model also suggests that atoms in the negative-temperature state has relatively higher energy .
In other words , an energy storage device .

Their model does not use spin (ie chirping of laser-lattices) to speed things up .

Use of the Algorithm-generating tool in
http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "P vs NP" Feb 2011 might give faster , sharper and stabler results.

The Lady is only Fair if she can Dance All Night .
(With apologies to Audrey Hepburn)

Andre

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Appendix A

Negative Kelvin
Andre Willers
11 Feb 2009

Synopsis :
Negative degrees Kelvin temperature and high-density energy storage .

Sources :
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0110614
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412493
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0511651
ScientificAmerican Nov 2008 p40

Discussion .
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is found to hold for linear momentum transfers , as long as non-equilibrium systems are examined in fine enough detail , though extra dimensions of descriptions have to be added .

The problem lies in transfers of linear momentum to angular momentum and vice-versa .

This is easiest shown with thought experiments :

1.The Maxwell Demons :
The Demons directs higher-speed molecules to one side and the lower-speed ones to the other side . After a large number of iterations , one side boils and the other side freezes .

2.The Andre Demons :
The Demons direct molecules onto target molecules to increase their spin (paddlewheel principle) . After a large number of iterations , you have a matrix of molecules with zero linear motion , where all the energy is locked into the spin .
This is a material at negative degrees Kelvin . Any impinging particle will first have to soak up some of the energy in the spin before influencing the linear momentum (especially if the rotating molecules are locked in a matrix) .

These are theoretical ideals .
Ironically , Andre demons are much more feasible than Maxwell demons .
We use existing technology , mainly magnetrons(as in microwaves) and laser tweezers for the finishing touches for really high-density storage .

How to make a strong energy storage capsule:
Take a very well temperature- and electronic insulated capsule of hot water , put a strong electrical field across it to give a directional bias to the linear momentum of the water molecules .
In the same direction as the electric field , chirp the output of a magnetron at decreasing harmonic frequencies of 2.45 gigaHz .
The chirp has to be integrated with the Doppler-feedback from the spinning water-molecules(like a laser tweezer) . Some fancy electronics might be required .
This feedback process satisfies the Beth(1) requirements .

This spins a statistically significant number of water molecules using heat vibrations .
The capsule's measurable temperature decreases .
Repeat until desired energy density is achieved .

To tap it :
We can use the Reciprocity Relation (for which Onsager received the Nobel prize) to get a burst of electromagnetic-waves (laser weapon up to gamma ray wavelengths ) , or tap the EMW for electrons like a battery .

Biological systems .
It bothers me that present theory allows only mitochondria to use rotations .
Biological systems use anything available .
What about things rolling around on the cell-surface between receptor sites ?
Most viruses (like HIV) follows a circular configuration . A simple physical block preventing rolling between the CD4 and CCR5 receptors might prevent HIV infection.
Or spin the HIV virus using electromagnetic radiation at a resonant frequency , reducing the incidence of docking .

This is a Beth(1) technology .

And so it twirls .

Andre .

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