Senile Memory Loss
Andre Willers
31 Aug 2013
Synopsis :
A pill to remember things . Will an overdose remember
fantasies ?
Discussion :
1.Such a pill will be on the market soon . This research is
about 3 days old (as at 31 Aug 2013)
Protein RbAp48 is a protein that can be used as an nutritive
supplement , bypassing any pesky legal requirements .
2.Since some analogue of it seems to be in cocoa , it is
even natural .
3. How it works .
The gene RBBP4 encodes for the protein RbAp48 . This protein
then causes a cascade of reactions by loosening the histone windings of the
chromosomes , in controlled order . See Appendix C .
But things get screwed up if not enough RbAp48 is produced .
The cascade does not start .
Memory fades as the necessary fetch-and-carry molecules are
not being produced .
Like a company where the file clerks are on strike .
4.Background
Appendix 0 gives some background .
Appendix A a popscience account of the research .
Appendix B is something that can done immediately .
Drink cocao or eat chocolate .
Appendix C is a fairly general view of genetics .
If you are unclear about histones , see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone
5.What can be expected .
This report See Appendix A) is about 3 days old . Expect a
massive , quick response from the nutraceutical establishment .
I myself is going to see the effect of drinking 2 cups of
cocao per day .
6.Anti-remembering.
PTSD therapy . Antibodies to RbAp48 precisely delivered
should excise any bad memory .
People in PTSD stress should steer away from cocao .
Know yourself !
Andre
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Appendix 0
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the
regulatory transcription
machinery proteins, and
thereby control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out by
1) covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes, i.e., histone acetyltransferases (HATs),
deacetylases, methyltransferases, and kinases, and 2) ATP-dependent chromatin
remodeling complexes which either move, eject or restructure nucleosomes.
This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that
belongs to a highly conserved subfamily of WD-repeat proteins.
It is present in protein complexes involved in histone acetylation and chromatin assembly.
It is part of the Mi-2/NuRD complex complex that has been
implicated in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional
repression associated with histone deacetylation. This encoded protein is also
part ofcorepressor complexes,
which is an integral component of transcriptional silencing. It is found among
several cellular proteins that bind directly to retinoblastoma protein to regulate cell
proliferation. This protein also seems to be involved in transcriptional
repression of E2F-responsive
genes.[3]
A decrease of this protein in the dentate gyrus part
of the hippocampus in the brain is suspected to
be a main cause of memory loss in normal aging.[4]
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Appendix A
Protein
clue to old-age memory loss
By James GallagherHealth and science reporter, BBC News
Why does memory decline in old age?
A clue to why memory
deteriorates with age has been found by US researchers.
Experiments on mice
suggested low levels of a protein in the brain may be responsible for memory
loss.
It is hoped the
discovery could lead to treatments to reverse forgetfulness, but it is a big
leap from the mouse to a human brain.
The study, published
in the journal Science Translational Medicine, said age-related memory loss was
a separate condition to Alzheimer's disease.
The team at Columbia
University Medical Centre started by analysing the brains of eight dead people,
aged between 22 and 88, who had donated their organ for medical research.
They found 17 genes
whose activity level differed with age. One contained instructions for making a
protein called RbAp48, which became less active with time.
Memory boost
Young mice genetically
engineered to have low RbAp48 levels performed as poorly as much older mice in
memory tests.
Using a virus to boost
RbAp48 in older mice appeared to reverse the decline and boosted their memory.
One of the
researchers, Prof Eric Kandel, said: "The fact that we were able to
reverse age-related memory loss in mice is very encouraging.
"At the very least,
it shows that this protein is a major factor, and it speaks to the fact that
age-related memory loss is due to a functional change in neurons of some sort.
Unlike with Alzheimer's, there is no significant loss of neurons."
It is still not known
what impact adjusting levels of RbAp48 in the far more complex human brain will
have or even if it is possible to manipulate levels safely.
Dr Simon Ridley, from
Alzheimer's Research UK, said: "While the findings may seem clear cut from
these studies, in reality people reaching older age may well have a combination
of changes happening in the brain - both age-related and those involved in the
early stages of Alzheimer's.
"Separating early
changes in Alzheimer's from age-related memory decline in the clinic still
presents a challenge, but understanding more about the mechanisms of each
process will drive progress in this area."
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Appendix B
Cocoa
'might prevent memory decline'
It is not the first time cocoa has been linked
with health benefits
Drinking cocoa every
day may help older people keep their brains healthy, research suggests.
A study of 60 elderly
people with no dementia found two cups of cocoa a day improved blood flow to
the brain in those who had problems to start with.
Those participants
whose blood flow improved also did better on memory tests at the end of the
study, the journal Neurology reported.
Experts said more
research was needed before conclusions could be drawn.
It is not the first
time cocoa has been linked with vascular health and researchers believe that
this is in part due to it being rich in flavanols, which are thought to have an
important role.
In the latest study,
researchers asked 60 people with an average age of 73 to drink two cups of
cocoa a day - one group given high-flavanol cocoa and another a low-flavanol
cocoa - and consume no other chocolate.
Blood flow
Ultrasound tests at
the start of the study showed 17 of them had impaired blood flow to the brain.
There was no
difference between those who drank flavanol-rich cocoa and those who had
flavanol-poor cocoa.
But whichever drink
they were given, 88% of those with impaired blood flow at the start of the
study saw improvements in blood flow and some cognitive tests, compared with
37% of people whose blood flow was normal at the beginning of the study.
“Start Quote
A cocoa-based
treatment would likely be very popular, but it's too soon to draw any conclusions
about its effects”
Dr Simon RidleyAlzheimer's Research UK
MRI scans in 24
participants found that people with impaired blood flow were also more likely
to have tiny areas of brain damage.
"We're learning
more about blood flow in the brain and its effect on thinking skills,"
said study author Dr Farzaneh Sorond a neurologist at Harvard Medical School.
"As different
areas of the brain need more energy to complete their tasks, they also need greater
blood flow. This relationship, called neurovascular coupling, may play an
important role in diseases such as Alzheimer's."
The researchers said
the lack of difference between the flavanol-rich and flavanol-poor cocoa could
be because another component of the drink was having an effect or because only
small amounts were needed.
Dr Simon Ridley, head
of research at Alzheimer's Research UK, said this was a small study but that it
added to a wealth of evidence.
"A cocoa-based
treatment would likely be very popular, but it's too soon to draw any
conclusions about its effects.
"One drawback of
this study is the lack of a control group for comparison, and we can't tell
whether the results would have been different if the participants drank no
cocoa at all."
But he added:
"Poor vascular health is a known risk factor for dementia, and
understanding more about the links between vascular problems and declining
brain health could help the search for new treatments and preventions."
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Appendix C
Monday, February 22,
2010
The Beauty of the
Genetic Code .
Andre Willers
22 Feb 2010
Synopsis:
The present TerraIII genetic code is elegantly optimized to give the most robustness possible per unit of information .
Discussion :
You have to be familiar with the concepts in:
1. http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "NewTools:Reserves" and Beth(n) orders of Randomness .
2.NewScientist of 23 Jan 2010 p34 "Another kind of evolution"
Brief recap of Reserves argument :
We take any identifiable entity , slice and dice it with an order of randomness like that of a coin (ie Beth(0) ) . We then calculate a minimum reserve (which is equivalent to the least errors of all possible Beth(0) paths per benefit . )
This works out at 1/3 on the average over Aleph(0) infinities .
The Beauty of the Genetic Code :
Four Base pairs (A,U,C,G) in triplet codons give a possible 4*4*4 = 64 codons .
But together , they code only for 20 amino acids , plus a Stop and a Semi-Start .
This gives
20/64 = 31.22% for 20 amino acids
21/64 = 32.81% for 20 amino acids + Stop
21.3333…/64 = 33.3333… for 20 amino acids + Stop + Semi-Start
22/64 = 34.375 %
Stop = (UGG) , (UGA) , (UAG) ,
Start = (AUG) , but this also codes for methionine . Hence the decimal notation . The system cannot come closer to 1/3 because of quantal considerations . Try it and see .
This also is the portal for the Epigenetic System ( note use of methiolization) .
Beautiful !!
Consider the ways of Gaia .
Linear and Sideways evolution .
Linear :
The standard , gene and chromosome based inheritance
Equivalent to Beth(1+x) in our notation .
1>= x >=0
Sideways :
Genetic material exchanged without going through all that genotype-phenotype procedures .
Equivalent to Beth(1-x) in our notation .
1>= x >=0
Note that the system could not possibly get as close to the optimum reserve without this stage .
Designer:
The Breeder , genetic engineer .
Equivalent to Beth(2+x) in our notation . Humans or proto-humans .
Infinity>= x >=0
This gives a full spectrum of Beth capabilities .
(Negative Beth is outside the scope of this discussion)
Singularities
You will notice that the system becomes chaotically unstable as x->0 from any direction . At that point , the system will exhibit symptoms of great stress and bifurcation . Once over the hump , it steadies either in an evolutionary manner (in
Probability = 1 - ( Beth(n+1)/Beth(n) ) ^0.5 . Admittedly a rough estimate .)
Or in a devolutionary manner , evolutionary manner here described as degrees of complexity .
Stable Gene Engineering :
1.Keep the same Triple-Base Codon Cell-Machinery .
The easiest . Existing cells can be used . Increase the number of bases to 5 .
Then we can optimally reliable make 1/3*5^3 = 40 amino acids + stop + semistart .
Different kinds of Stop and Start would be advisable .
So , maybe 18 new amino acids + 2 different types of Stop + SemiStarts
This would not even be hard .
Well within present technological capability .
(Wanna make an animal with a Kevlar skin ? Well , you can using this method .)
The system would even be self-assembling under the right condition . The main thing is the optimal stability .
This is already evolving as we speak . There a fifth base occasionally involved . So there is a fruitful interaction point .
2.Make 4-Base Codon Cell-Machinery .
A real remake . Not within human capability at the moment .
3.General :
nAminoAcids + nStops + nStarts = 1/3 * ( (nDNA-bases) ^ (nBasesPerCodon) )
where the prefix n denotes "number of"
A further stability would be introduced if nStarts ~ 1/3 * nStops in a fractal fashion .
This because life-forms evolve in a pedal-to-the-metal fashion . The problems are the brakes .
There is a relationship between the Beth level and the nBasesPerCodon . The minimum number sufficient for Beth(2+) is nBasesPerCodon=3 .
Else there is insufficient complexity .
Now go out there and evolve !
Andre .
Andre Willers
22 Feb 2010
Synopsis:
The present TerraIII genetic code is elegantly optimized to give the most robustness possible per unit of information .
Discussion :
You have to be familiar with the concepts in:
1. http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "NewTools:Reserves" and Beth(n) orders of Randomness .
2.NewScientist of 23 Jan 2010 p34 "Another kind of evolution"
Brief recap of Reserves argument :
We take any identifiable entity , slice and dice it with an order of randomness like that of a coin (ie Beth(0) ) . We then calculate a minimum reserve (which is equivalent to the least errors of all possible Beth(0) paths per benefit . )
This works out at 1/3 on the average over Aleph(0) infinities .
The Beauty of the Genetic Code :
Four Base pairs (A,U,C,G) in triplet codons give a possible 4*4*4 = 64 codons .
But together , they code only for 20 amino acids , plus a Stop and a Semi-Start .
This gives
20/64 = 31.22% for 20 amino acids
21/64 = 32.81% for 20 amino acids + Stop
21.3333…/64 = 33.3333… for 20 amino acids + Stop + Semi-Start
22/64 = 34.375 %
Stop = (UGG) , (UGA) , (UAG) ,
Start = (AUG) , but this also codes for methionine . Hence the decimal notation . The system cannot come closer to 1/3 because of quantal considerations . Try it and see .
This also is the portal for the Epigenetic System ( note use of methiolization) .
Beautiful !!
Consider the ways of Gaia .
Linear and Sideways evolution .
Linear :
The standard , gene and chromosome based inheritance
Equivalent to Beth(1+x) in our notation .
1>= x >=0
Sideways :
Genetic material exchanged without going through all that genotype-phenotype procedures .
Equivalent to Beth(1-x) in our notation .
1>= x >=0
Note that the system could not possibly get as close to the optimum reserve without this stage .
Designer:
The Breeder , genetic engineer .
Equivalent to Beth(2+x) in our notation . Humans or proto-humans .
Infinity>= x >=0
This gives a full spectrum of Beth capabilities .
(Negative Beth is outside the scope of this discussion)
Singularities
You will notice that the system becomes chaotically unstable as x->0 from any direction . At that point , the system will exhibit symptoms of great stress and bifurcation . Once over the hump , it steadies either in an evolutionary manner (in
Probability = 1 - ( Beth(n+1)/Beth(n) ) ^0.5 . Admittedly a rough estimate .)
Or in a devolutionary manner , evolutionary manner here described as degrees of complexity .
Stable Gene Engineering :
1.Keep the same Triple-Base Codon Cell-Machinery .
The easiest . Existing cells can be used . Increase the number of bases to 5 .
Then we can optimally reliable make 1/3*5^3 = 40 amino acids + stop + semistart .
Different kinds of Stop and Start would be advisable .
So , maybe 18 new amino acids + 2 different types of Stop + SemiStarts
This would not even be hard .
Well within present technological capability .
(Wanna make an animal with a Kevlar skin ? Well , you can using this method .)
The system would even be self-assembling under the right condition . The main thing is the optimal stability .
This is already evolving as we speak . There a fifth base occasionally involved . So there is a fruitful interaction point .
2.Make 4-Base Codon Cell-Machinery .
A real remake . Not within human capability at the moment .
3.General :
nAminoAcids + nStops + nStarts = 1/3 * ( (nDNA-bases) ^ (nBasesPerCodon) )
where the prefix n denotes "number of"
A further stability would be introduced if nStarts ~ 1/3 * nStops in a fractal fashion .
This because life-forms evolve in a pedal-to-the-metal fashion . The problems are the brakes .
There is a relationship between the Beth level and the nBasesPerCodon . The minimum number sufficient for Beth(2+) is nBasesPerCodon=3 .
Else there is insufficient complexity .
Now go out there and evolve !
Andre .
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