Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Intralipid and Fracking

Andre Willers

30 Jan 2013

Synopsis :

We use specific soybean lipids in the fracking liquid to do the cracking of gas to liquid fuel safely underground .

Discussion :

1.Supply oxygen for the partial oxygenization under pressure .

See Appendix II and III .

A simple , cheap flow process that involves soybean oil and ultrasound . The centrifugal effect can be supplied by Hilch-tubes .

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_tube . This can be done at any point in the pumping system .

The gas content of the microbubbles can be precisely adjusted to include nano-particles of the required catalysts for the gas-to liquid fuel process .

See appendix II


 

2. This leaves a lot of empty micro-bubbles of soybean oil floating about , that absorbs clean water leaving the crud , which crud is our liquid fuel .

See Appendix I .


 

3. We take out the fuel (hopefully floating on top) and leave a fairly clean water aquifer .


 

4. Surprise ! Surprise !

Using this system , we can frack hopelessly saline polluted systems like the MacKenzie basin in Australia and leave a clean water aquifer .

Especially if there are gas-shales under the the MacKenzie basin . Which seems likely . Make a whopping profit .


 

5.Can it be done fairly shallowly ?

I am thinking of the major South African problem of acid-mine water .

Argh!

Problem ? What Problem ?

It is an enormous opportunity .

All those valuable minerals have been exposed , dissolved by the acids and brought to the surface at NO COST .

This is low cost mining .

All you have to do is concentrate using techniques like above , or many others like semi-permeable membranes , etc .

6. Expect huge Chinese , Japanese , Singapore , European interest .

7. The US and Europe has similar concentrations of dissolved minerals in many places . Expect rare mineral prices to fall .


 

Who said soy-beans were boring ?


 

Andre


 

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Appendix I

Water Purified With Soybean Oil

Filed under: Agricultural PerspectivesIndustrial AgricultureSeed — Leave a comment

December 16, 2012

Some interesting research from MIT in the US has developed a simple process that uses a class of soybean oil to take contaminates out of water.  The research was a side development from a project that was finding ways to preserve human cells in deep freeze. Know as cryopreservation one must be careful to avoid ice crystals from forming and rupturing cells.  In 2008 Anurag Bajpayee ( a MIT PHD candidate)  was inserting a glycol (antifreeze) and soybean oil blend into cells which concentrated the glycol.  In 2009 during his PHD qualifying exam an interesting discussion developed into a patent application.

Baipayee's simple process utilizing just soybean oil could be a boon to cities, industries and agricultural operations – all of which create vast amounts of dirty water- by providing ways to clean water that could utilize less energy-intentsive or expensive or both.

Soybean oil is among a small number of oils that seem to serve as so-called directional solvents. That is they dissolve water without dissolving other molecules that are in water such as salts. Soybean oil can absorb water when heated to as little as 40° Celsius, leaving behind contaminant molecules, which are then skimmed away. Simply cooling the mixture allows the cleansed water to flow back out out to be captured. The solvent thus remains undisturbed, ready to clean more water.


Fatty Acid Structure

The key is the carbon backbone of the oil, a fatty acid. Most of it is repels water, but at one end is a molecule, know as a carboxylic acid group, that readily forms a hydrogen bond with water. Some scientists suggest the discovery (among one of the coolest discoveries  in chemistry for a long time) could have been discovered a century ago. Hey that organic chemistry course (with the balls and sticks) in school may have been worth it.

Bajpayee's experiments showed, however, that purifying a single 16 oz cup of water would require enough soybean oil to fill a swimming pool. So he looked for another directional solvent that would be more efficient and settled on decanoic acid which naturally occurs in milk and which bonds more easily to water. This fatty acid could turn salt water from the sea into fresh water yet appears to work best in saltier brines, such as mining waste water or even fracking wells. Fracking water can have 8 times as much salt content as seawater and more than 9 billion liters of contaminated water is produced everyday in the USA.

Encouraged by the results, Bajpayee is already testing decanoic acid with 6 different oil and gas brine's against current technologies such as reverse osmosis, which requires special membranes that can clog and foul easily; distillation, which utilizes tremendous amounts of external energy; and most commonly returning the water into the well or pond.

To make a real impact in oil and gas drilling the costs savings much compete with the cheapest alternative which right now is ponding or returning the water to the source. In the meantime more research will determine if decanoic acid or some other directional solvent could cleanse dirty waste water or desalinate seawater more inexpensively than the current processes.

Source:

Scientific America December 2012


 

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Appendix II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids

"Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane-rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels either via direct conversion or via syngas as an intermediate, for example using the Fischer Tropsch or Mobil processes."


 

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Appendix III

Foam That

Restores

Breathing

Injectable oxygen microbubbles

could give asthma and choking

victims precious minutes

Only a few minutesafter someone stops breathing—

whether it is from a piece of meat stuck in the throat,

a severe asthma attack or a lung injury—the brain

starts to shut down. Cardiac arrest and death are

imminent. Emergency responders and hospital workers have one primary recourse: insert a breathing

tube through a patient's mouth. That procedure can

be risky and time-consuming.

A new injectable solution could keep such people

alive for 15 minutes or more, buying crucial time to

get victims to a hospital or to do some surgical gymnastics in an operating room. The solution contains

oxygen microbubbles, which the blood can absorb

within seconds. The bubbles are too small to cause

an air embolism—a gas pocket that stops blood flow,

thus causing a stroke or heart attack.

To create this lifesaving foam, John Kheir, a cardiologist at Boston Children's Hospital, and his colleagues adapted existing medical nanotechnology.

Microparticles with lipid membranes already deliver

drugs, as well as dyes for ultrasound imaging. Kheir's

team propelled phospholipids through an oxygenated

chamber and used sound waves to spur the ingredients to self-assemble into microparticles. The

© 2012 Scientific AmericanDecember 2012, ScientificAmerican.com 37

researchers then used a centrifuge to superconcentrate

them into solution. Each four-micron-wide microbubble

contains pure oxygen, surrounded by a lipid film that is

just a few nanometers thick.

Because the bubbles contain oxygen at a pressure

that is higher than in the bloodstream, the gas diffuses

into red blood cells on contact. Once a bubble is depleted, the shell collapses to a disk that is less than a micron

wide, easily passing through the circulatory system.

In a test, researchers blocked the airways of anesthetized rabbits for 15 minutes. Those injected with the solution were much less likely to go into cardiac arrest or

have other organ damage than those who got saline

solution—despite not taking a single breath.

The approach is "a fairly innovative idea compared to

what we have now," says Raymond Koehler of Johns

Hopkins University, who is not involved in the work,

because most emergency oxygen procedures require the

pulmonary system to function at least at a minimal level.

One drawback is that because the blood absorbs the

oxygen so quickly, a constant infusion is necessary, which

involves a lot of saline to help the foam move smoothly into

the bloodstream. The amount of solution that a patient

would receive after 15 minutes could lead to edema, a fluid

overload that can cause heart failure. Kheir's team is trying

to improve the formulation so that it requires less saline.

Another concern is that without normal respiration,

carbon dioxide builds up in the body, which can be toxic.

As Koehler notes, however, the body can handle a little

excess carbon dioxide better than it can handle a total lack

of oxygen. If the microbubbles prove successful in further

animal (and subsequent human) trials, the solution could

help emergency crews or operating room technicians buy

crucial minutes before they can implement other lifesaving treatments. In those situations, Koehler says, "you

want to have a backup plan." —Katherine Harmon

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Sunday, January 27, 2013

Six Degrees of Separation Derivation

Andre Willers

27 Jan 2013

Synopsis :

We derive Reliability Percentages for Degrees of Separation from first principles of Small World Networks . Six Degrees has at most 98.85% reliability .


 

Discussion :

See Para 15 below for a real surprise .


 

1.Small-world Networks :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network

"A small-world network is a type of mathematical graph in which most nodes are not neighbors of one another, but most nodes can be reached from every other by a small number of hops or steps. Also known as degrees of separation ."


 

The major principle is that not all points(nodes) are interconnected . The nodes are clustered , with clusters connected by long connections

2.Examine an existing Small-world network in 2 dimensions . Sketch it on a piece of paper (2 dimensional) . The connections are shown as lines .

3.Define a Start node . The sender of the original message .

4.Then connect the Start Node with every other node , counting the number connections as Hops . This is computationally possible (not Hard) because not all nodes are connected .

5.Now , rewrite the Network Map in terms of Hops , Hops being the radius units from the Start node .

This gives a map of circular bands around the Start node as origin . The bands include all the nodes outside the Start node , with many duplicates .

The duplicates are important . Cluster n-hops are in them .

This is basically a Riemann-orbital system . See Appendix H .

6. The Trick !

We minimize the system by squeezing any wandering test path on the system to return to the Starter Node .

In effect , Riemann's theorem . We know that it returns to the origin if the real exponent = -1/2 .

(The only-if part exp=-1/2 is evident , but the theoreticians and red-pencil brigade have too much fun nit-picking)

7. The upperbound :

We can then calculate the Upperbound and Reliability percentage :

The actual Zeta = Sigma(x(i) / i^(1/2) , i=1 , 2, 3 ….

Where -1<= x(i) <=+1 at Beth(0) random for any i .

For the upper boundary , we set x(i) = 1 .

This gives :

Zeta (upper) = 1+(1/2)^0.5 + (1/3)^0.5 + (1/4)^0.5 + …

The Sum(n) = 1+(1/2)^0.5 + (1/3)^0.5 + (1/4)^0.5 + …+(1/n)^0.5 , the sum of Zeta(upper) to the n'th term . This is increasing .

The Diff(n) = (1/n)^0.5 – (1/(n+1))^0.5 is the difference between successive terms .This is decreasing

The Ratio(n) = Diff(n) / Sum(n) and is decreasing .

The Percentage Reliability PR(n) = (1-Ratio(n)) x 100

8.Table of Upperbound Reliability percentages for minimized Small-world Networks :

N denotes number of degrees (hops) in PR(n) below

PR(1) = 70.71%

PR(2) = 92.40%

PR(3) = 93.97%

PR(4) = 97.02%

PR(5) = 98.47%

PR(6) = 98.89%

PR(7) = 99.11%


 

9.What does this mean ?

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation .

It means "you pays your money and you takes your pick "

You get the most bang for your buck at about n=6 .

Small-world networks are very efficient at distributing information .

Remember , this is a very general derivation .


 

10 .What if just one node is left out ?

I suspect that the above will still hold .

It is a topological suspicion (the worst kind) . Even one little puncture causes a major shift in topological classifications .

In the class of "a little bit pregnant"

This has major consequences in the real world .

Plan on that there is always somebody on the "need-to-know" list being left out . This might be you .


 

11. What if many nodes are left out ?

Surprisingly , the system will default to 70% efficiency . Civil Service level . But remember that this is only the upperbound .

But is this then the Lowerbound for PR(2) and better ? I Think so , but some deeper analysis is called for .

No wonder civilization manages to struggle along .

Notice how close it is to 67% of Appendix H Infinite Probes .


 

12.The Family Paradox :

"My spouse does not understand me ."

Of course they don't . You are at PR(1) = 70% reliability as long as you communicate directly (eg language) . Just about bottommed out .

Add some more nodes . Usually this is children , grandparents , friends , hobbies , interests .

But different levels like emails , notes , flowers , presents , etc will work .

Even saving the Dodo .

Join the Dodo Liberation Army .


 

13. This is equally applicable to your work environment .


 

14. A surprising application .

How to turn your personal network into a Small-world network .

(Then you can use the system as described above )

14.1 Get long-range contacts . Pen-friends . Internet friends (but be careful) .

Even one will change the topology of your network .

You don't have to frantically network .

14.2 Virtual Topologies :

An imaginary friend .

https://www.facebook.com/MyImaginaryFriendLLC

These are available .

Notice the interesting addition of Internet at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs .

A Facebook account for an imaginary friend with strict access control will bounce parental communication with a child from 70% to 90% .


 

15.Marital Problems :

Or even between couples who have communication problems . A virtual friend on Facebook where only the two partners have access will increase communication by a whopping 20% !

What a surprise !

Not exactly what I was expecting .


 

15. Upgrading to higher dimensional networks .

Project the many hops onto a two-dimensional space as above . Then crumple them . See Appendix C .

This collapses into the same Riemannian space as discussed above


 

16. Virtual Topologies :


 


 

Viva La Dodo Liberation Army !

Andre


 

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Appendix H

Infinite Probes 2

Andre Willers

30 April 2008


 

http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Infinite Probes'


 

From discussing this with various recipients , there seems to be a need for a simpler explanation . I thought I had explained it in the simplest fashion possible . The subject matter is inherently complex .


 

But , here goes .


 

How much must you save ?

If you save too little , a random fluctuation can wipe you out .

If you save too much , you lose opportunity costs . If you are in competition , this loss can be enough to lose the competition (ie you die)


 

Intuitively , you can realize there is an optimum level of saving .


 

Methods exist of calculating this optimum in very specific instances (ie portfolios of shares ,eg Kelly criteria , or tactics in war eg MiniMax ) .


 

The General Case

We need to hold a Reserve in case Something goes wrong . But we do not know what thing goes wrong .


 

Infinite Probes tries to answer the general case . What is really , really surprising is that a answer is possible .


 

The Infinite bit comes from using the mathematical expansion of the Definition of Eulers Constant e = ( 1 + 1/2! + 1/ 3! + … 1/n! + …)

Where n!= n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)*…*(1)


 

This approaches a constant , widely used in mathematics and physics .

(e = 2.718…) .


 

All we need is a system that can be subdivided indefinitely (to infinity) .


 

First , we divide by 1

Then 2

Then 3

Then 4


 

And so forth till infinity .


 

What is important is not that we do know what these divisions are , only that they are possible . We also do not know which one element goes wrong .


 

The other critical insight is that it is the relation between elements that is important . (Permutations) (The failure of an element in total isolation cannot affect the whole system by definition .)


 

We can count the number of relationships where there is failure of one element .

It is n! , where n is number of divisions where only one failure .


 

Multiple failures are handled by summing :


 

Our Reserve(R ) is divided by n to infinity and summed .


 

TotReserve= R*( 1 + 1/2! + 1/ 3! + … 1/n! + …)

TotReserve= R * e


 

To find the boundaries of our Reserve , we set TotReserve = Cost


 

Then


 

R = 1/e * Cost

R ~ 0.37 * Cost


 

What does this mean?

This method measures the upper boundary of the reserve needed to survive failures in any element of the Cost-Universe . Ie , internal fluctuations .


 

This is the surprising bit . Any society that keeps at least 37% reserves , can only be destroyed by something outside it's envelope . It is internally stable , no matter what .


 

Empires like the Ancient Egyptians , Romans , Chinese are possible , as long as there is no climactic fluctuation , new inventions , diseases ,etc . Rare events . Hence the technological stasis of old civilizations . The two are synonymous .


 

This is true at any scale (except quantal , by definition.) .


 

Individuals too . Humans can be seen as empires of noospheres .


 

The upper boundary does not take any double-counting into account . It is true for any system whatsoever .


 

A truly remarkable precise result from such general axioms .


 

The Lower Boundaries .

This is where it gets interesting .

Remember , we are just counting the number of ways in which permutations of one element can fail . We then sum them to get the effect of the failures of other elements


 

The easiest is the business that just starts and is not selling anything . It fails on n elements on every term . It's floor capital must then be

R=Cost/(1+e)

R=0.27*Cost


 

This is the initial reserve to get off the ground .

This is true in any ecosystem . This is why it is so difficult to start a new business , or why a new species cannot succeed . Or why waves of pandemics are scarcer .


 

For the epidemically minded , this 10% difference is responsible for the demise of the Black Death ( smallpox outcompeted bubonic plaque variants for the CR5 access site.Ironically , the reason why we have only a limited HIV plague is the high competition for this site , probably some flu vectors . As one would expect , the incidence of HIV then becomes inversely proportional to connectivity (ie flights) .


 

A cessation of airplane flights will then lead to a flare-up of diseases like these .

Not exactly what anybody has in mind . )


 

When we find that we really need the spread of infectious vectors to stay healthy , then we know we have really screwed ourselves .


 

These are the two main boundaries .

The literature is full of other limits the series can approach . Keep a clear head on what the physical significance is .


 

Fat

I cannot leave the subject without the thing closest to human hearts : appearance .

Fat and fitness .

Sadly , the present fad for leanness is just that . The period of superfluous food is coming to an end .

Rich individuals can afford to be lean because the reserves are in the monetary wealth Women have to bear children individually , so they cannot store the needed reserves externally . Hence their fat storage is close to the theoretical optimum even in Western societies (33%) . In other societies the percentage is about 37-40% .


 

Human males have been bred (Mk III humans) for muscle and little fat (8% in a superbly fit male) . He does not have reserves to withstand even garrison duty (even little diseases will lay him low .) Note the frequent references to diseases laying whole armies low .


 

Note what is left out : the camp-followers . They survived The women and babyfat children . Every army seeded the invaded area with women and children .


 

The bred soldier has to eat a high-carb food frequently : not meat or fat , his body cannot store it . This is the definition of a wheat-eating legionary .


 

Ho ! Ho! Ho!

The Atkinson diet .

No wonder it does not make sense in evolutionary terms .

Mesomorphic humans have been bred not to transform expensive proteins and fats into bodymass .


 

The soldier-class were kept on a carbohydrate leash , which could only be supplied by farming .


 


 

The Smell of Horses .


 

Horses exude pheromones that promote body-leanness in humans . This has an obvious advantage to horses . Horses are breeding jockeys .


 

The time-span is enough : at least 8 000 years . (400 generations)


 

Because pregnant women cannot ride horses , there was a selection pressure to breed horses who have a pheromone that block female dominance pheromones , especially since females have to weigh more because of fat-reserve considerations .


 

Outside a farming environment , horses will sculpt their riders as much as the riders are sculpting them .


 

Small Mongolian ponies , small Mongolians .


 

This is why alpha-males like horses and horse-dominated societies were able to conquer and keep matriarchies .


 

Note the effect of the pheromones on women riders . Androgeny .

On males it becomes extreme blockage of oestrogen . It seems like a surge of male hormones , but it is just an imbalance . (If too much male hormones , the men just kill their horses )


 

This is why the auto-mobile had such a big sociological effect . No horses , so the men became more effeminate .


 

Want to be Lean and Mean ?

Sniff Horse sweat pheromone .

Perfumiers take note .


 

Dogs


 

The other leg of the human-horse-dog triumvirate .

Dogs accept female pack-leaders and have evolutionary reasons for blocking horse inhibitions of human female pheromones .


 

While the males are away , the females look after and rely on the dogs .

(The reason why Mongols ride from yurt to yurt: they are too scared of the dogs.)


 

With dogs around , the male testosterone activity is ameliorated . This is a well known effect , especially if horses are around .


 

Hence the female love of lap-dogs . They are actually quite ferocious , and exude large amounts of pheromones that soothes the savage male breast .


 

Your attention is drawn to the Pekinese lapdog , which has had a disproportionately large effect on human history .


 

If this sounds convoluted , it is because this is exactly how this type of bio-system operates : by inhibitions of inhibitions of inhibitions ,etc .


 

Andre

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Appendix IV A

Orders of Randomness 2

Andre Willers

15 Aug 2008


 

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com : "Orders of Randomness"


 

I have been requested to expand a little on orders of Randomness and what it means .

Please note that human endeavours at this date use only randomness of the order of flipping a coin ( Beth(0) )


 

Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew Alphabet . It was used by Cantor to denote

Classes of Infinity (ie Aleph(0) for Rational numbers , Aleph(1) for Irrational Numbers , etc


 

Beth is the second letter of the Hebrew Alfabet . It means "House"


 

I will first repeat the derivation of Orders of Randomness from http://andreswhy.blogspot.com : "Orders of Randomness" because it is so important .


 

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Start Quote:

First , simple Randomness .

Flip of a coin .

Heads or Tails . 0 or 1

Flip an unbiased coin an infinite number of times ,write it down below each other and do it again .

All possible 0 and 1's


 

An example : Beth(0)

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Flips(1) 0,1,1,1,1,… etc

Flips(2) 0,1,1,1,0,… etc

.

Flips(infinity) 0,0,0,0,0,0,…etc

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This describes all possible states in a delineated binary universe .

"delineated binary" means a two sided coin which cannot land on it's side .


 

Now draw a diagonal line from the top left of Flips(1) to Flips(infinity) .

At every intersection of this diagonal line with a horizontal line , change the value .

The Diagonal Line of (0,1)'s is then not in the collection of all possible random

Horizontal coin-Flips(x) .


 

This means the Diagonal Line is of a stronger order of randomness .

This is also the standard proof of an Irrational Number .


 

This is the standard proof of aleph numbers .

Irrational numbers ,etc

Since any number can be written in binary (0,1) , we can infer that the order of randomness is the same as aleph numbers .


 

This means we can use number theory in Randomness systems .

Very important .


 

Google Cantor (or Kantor)


 

Define coin-flip Randomness as Beth(0) , analogous to Aleph(0)

Then we have at least Beth(1) , randomness an order stronger than flipping a coin .

Then we can theorize Beth(Omega) <->Aleph(Omega) .


 

End Quote

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Cardinal Numbers .


 

The cardinal number is the index x of Aleph(x) .

Cantor proved that

Aleph(n+1) = 2 ^ Aleph( n )


 

Where n is the cardinal number of the infinity .


 

Tying them together :

He also proved that

P(A) = 2^ n

Where A is any set , P(A) is the PowerSet of A and n is the cardinal number of set A

Thus , Cardinal Number of P(A) =(n+1)


 

The PowerSet of A = the Set of all subsets of A .

This sounds fancy , but it is simply all the different ways you can combine the elements of set A . All the ways you can chop up A .

You can see it easily in a finite binomial expansion (1+1)^n = P(A) = 2^n


 

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com : "Infinite Probes"

There we also chop and dice , using infinite series .


 

Can you see how it all ties together ?


 

Why 2 ?


 

This derives from the Delineation Axiom . Remember , we can only talk about something if it is distinct and identifiable from something else . This gives a minimum of 2 states : part or non-part .


 

That is why the Zeta-function below is described on a 2-dimensional plane , or pesky problems like Primes always boil down to 2 dimensions of some sort .


 

This is why the irrational numbers play such an important part in physics .

Z=a+ib describes a 2-dimensional plane useful for delineated systems without feedback systems


 

Its in the axiom of Delineation , dummy .


 

But we know that Russell proved that A+~A<Universum .

The difference can be described as the Beth sequences . Since they are derivatives of summation-sequences(see below) , they define arrows usually seen as the time-arrows .


 

These need not to be described a-la-dunne's serial time , as different Beth levels address the problem adequately without multiplying hypotheses .


 


 


 

Self-referencing systems and Beth sequences .


 

A Proper Self-referencing system is of one cardinal Beth number higher than the system it derives from .

Self-referencing systems (feedback systems) can always be described as sequences of Beth systems . Ie as Beth(x) <-> Beth(y) . The formal proof is a bit long for inclusion here .


 

The easiest way to see it is in Bayesian systems . If Beth(x) systems are included , Bayesian systems become orders of magnitude more effective .


 

Life , civilization and markets are such . See below .


 

Conservation Laws :

By definition , these can always be written in a form of

SomeExpression = 0


 

Random (Beth(0) Walk in Euclidean 2-dimensions


 

This is a powerful unifying principle derived from the Delineation Axiom .


 

In Random Walk the Distance from the Center is = d * (n)^0.5 . This is a property of Euclidean systems .

(Where d = step , n=number of random beth(0) steps)


 

Immediately we can say that the only hope of the Walker returning to the center after an infinity of Beth(0) steps is if d ~ 1/(n)^0.5 . This is the Riemann Hypothesis .


 

Now , see a Universum of 2-dimensional descriptors z=a+ib


 

Sum all of them . Add together all the possible things that can be thus described .


 

This can be done as follows :

From z=a+ib Raise both sides to the e

e^(z) = e^(a) . e^i(b)

Raise both sides to the ln(j) power where j is real integers.

j^(z) = j^(a) . e^(b/ln(j))


 

Now , sum them :

Zeta=Sum of j^(z) for j=1 to infinity


 

Now we extract all possible statements that embody some Conservation Law . Beth(1)


 

This means that Zeta is zero for the set of extracted statements if and only if (b/ln(j)) is of the order of Beth(0) and a=(-1/2)


 

Tensors .

The above is a definition of a tensor for a discontinous function .


 

Riemann's Zeta function.

This can describe any delineated system .

If Zeta = 0 , conservation laws apply .


 

Zeta = Sigma(1/j )^z for j=1,2,3,…,infinity and z=a+ib , where z is complex and i =(-1)^0.5

The z bit is in two dimensions as discussed above .


 

This function has a deep underlying meaning for infinite systems .

If you unpack the Right-Hand side on a x-yi plane you get a graph that looks like a random walk .


 

If every point is visited that a random walk would visit over infinity (ie all) , without clumping , then Zeta can only be non-trivially zero if a=(-1/2) .


 

Why (x – yi) plane ? See "Why 2 " above . The system is fractal . Two dimensions are necessary in any delineated system .


 

Remember , randomwalk distance from origin = step*sqrt(number of steps) .

So if the steps = 1/ ( sqrt(number of steps) ) , then the Origin might be reached if and only if a= -1/2

This is easily proven .


 

If a= - 1/2 , then b can be any real function . This would include Beth(0) and Beth(1) , but not higher orders of beth .


 

If a= -1/2 and b is an unreal number , then a cannot be equal to -1/2 anymore . Conservation cannot hold at any level .


 

Consequences:

Conservation Laws can only hold for Beth(0) and Beth(1) systems .


 

This is forced by the two dimensions of delineation .


 

Mathematically , this means that Beth(2+) systems of feedbacks can only be described in terms of attractors or/and fractal systems (ie not in isolation)


 

Physically , conservation of energy and momentum need not hold for Beth(2+) systems .


 

This has an interesting corollary in decryption (unpacking) . A Beth(2) mind unpacking Beth(0) or Beth(1) encryption is functionally equivalent to Non-Conservation of Energy

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Appendix B

For Blast

Blast from the Past

Andre Willers

13 Jan 2012


 

Synopsis:

High intensities of gamma- and X-ray radiation on Earth from the center of our galaxy can be expected during 2013 AD , due to an infalling gas cloud into the central Milky Way black hole .


 

Discussion :

The discovery was made by Stefan Gillesson of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

in Garching , Germany .

References :

  1. "Nature" , DOI 10.1038/nature10652
  2. "New Scientist" 17 Dec 2011 p16 "Cloud suicide could transform black hole"


 

A gas cloud of an estimated three earth masses is expected to impact the supermassive , rotating black hole at the center of our galaxy ("Sagittarius A*") in 2013 AD . Note that radiation from this event can be expected shortly afterward in local time .


 

A large part of this mass will be converted to electro-magnetic energy .


 

Now , three earth masses is not a lot of energy in the galactic scheme of things , but the way it is distributed does .


 

Briefly , the energy release is characterized by very short wavelenghts (gamma or x-ray) and lobe-shaped distributions of the pulse-wavefronts in the galactic ecliptic .


 

There is a combination of relativistic and quantum effects in the last few cm's before the event horizon .


 

1.There is a slingshot effect , because the gas cloud must be lumpy , even if only at atomic scale . The gas cloud vanishes in a few Planck -time units , emitting very short-wave radiation due to differential tidal friction .


 

2.But the black hole is large and rotating , which forms time-bands of slower time , which gives enough time for feedback . Depending on the size and rotation speed of the black hole , this will lead to 2n lobes of wavefronts on the rotation equator , where n=1,2,3,...


 

3.Hawking Burps .

This process in para 2 above "foams" the event horizon , leading to a drastically increased Hawking radiation . (The "foam" would be something like Sierpinsky chaotic triangles)

The density and time-band concentrations of energy separates particle-anti-particle pairs to give Hawking radiation .


 

This burp of energy sweeps matter from the neighborhood of the black hole and reduces the mass of the black hole , preventing black holes from swallowing everything . Elegant .


 

4.Turning a Hawking Burp into a White Hole .

There is a narrow window where the Burp becomes self-sustaining . A large black hole then evaporates in an awesome release of energy . Even the tiniest random fluctuation (eg matter-antimatter) will get magnified and perpetuated .

Not the place to take your mother for a picnic .


 

5.Foaming Space-time .

Well , space-time is already foamed , but only to a simple level . (Quantum foam)

Call it Foam(0)

We can churn this to higher orders of foam (Foam(1) , Foam(2) , Foam(3) ,...,Foam(b) )

where b can be derived from Kantor's Aleph classes combined with chaos theory .


 

Taken to the logical extreme , this leaves only Foam ordered into Branes .


 

The smile on the Cheshire cat just after he brushed his teeth .


 

So what does this mean to us ?

A full frontal impact from a lobe will give a definitive answer to Fermi's Paradox : "Where are they ?" Why , extinct .


 

More likely is an immersion in the higher radiation levels alongside the lobes for a long time .

Can be survived , given enough warning .

Apply to the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics for more .


 

Friday the thirteenth can be quite a gas .


 

Andre


 

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Appendix C

Crumpling Paper and Space-Time

Andre Willers

23 Feb 2012


 

"The moving finger writes , and having writ , crumples it in random ruins."

With apologies to Omar Khayyam .


 

Synopsis:

Crumpled paper gives a good approximation of spacetime as a membrane with clumpy masses .

"Empty" spaces not occupied by the membrane gives an impression of dark matter .

We derive an expression to give this ratio using Infinite Descent and Beth(0) Random Walk .


 

Discussion :

1.The Crumpled paper :

Consider a paper disk of radius r and thickness d .

It's volume is then Vp=pi * r^2 * d

Draw a line from the center to the edge , in steps of length d , over the edge , then back to the center Let nu=r/d , a measure of the thickness of the paper . Note that it is a pure number .


 

The number of steps in the line is then n0=(2r/d)+1

But the number of steps to the edge of the original paper disk is n1=r/d=(n0-1)/2

r=d*(n0-1)/2

n0=2*nu+1


 

Vp=(pi*d^3*(n0-1)^2 )/4


 

Crumple it up in a way that is as random as flipping a coin (ie Beth(0) )


 

The Trick : The line we have drawn up above breaks up into random vectors by rotating through a third dimension = crumpling into a ball .


 

We thus have a continuous line of random steps of known number of steps .

In 3 dimensions , the mean square distance from the center then is known

R = d * (n0)^0.5 …. See true for all dimensions as long as all are of Beth(0) order of randomness.


 


 

Volume of crumpled ball Vb=4/3*pi*R^3

The Ratio Vb/Vp = mu then gives the ratio of crumpled ball space to volume of paper mass .


 

Mu={4/3*pi*d^3 *n0^(3/2)} / (pi*d^3*(n0-1)^2 )/4

Notice the d^3 term and pi cancels out . This has profound physical implications .

This simplifies to


 

Mu=4*4/3*(n0^3/2/(n0-1)^2)

Expressed as thickness of paper , nu , which is a pure number independent of metric chosen .

mu=4*4/3(2*nu+1)^3/2 / (2*nu)^2

mu=4/3*(2nu+1)^3/2 / nu^2

This gives a quartic equation in nu , which can be solved exactly algebraically .

(mu)^2*(nu)*4 – 2^7/3^2 *(nu)^3 – 2^6/3^2
(nu)^2 – 2^5/3^2 * (nu)^1 - 2^4/3^2 =0


 


 

Test it on A4 paper:

A4 paper has thickness d~0,1 mm and r~150 mm

nu=150/0,1

nu=1500

mu=4/3*(3001^3/2)/(1500^2)

mu=0.097421589

mu= 1- 0.90257841

This means that the crumpled A4 paper ball encloses about 90% empty space .

This agrees with experimental results . See NewScientist.


 

Note that the force applied does not matter . As long as the paper is untorn , mu will be the same .


 

How many times can it be folded ?

Solving the above (see below) gives mu=1 for about nu=14.7 to 14.8 .

This means there are no empty spaces left to fold into .


 

This can get complicated , so I will keep it simple .

Take a piece of paper and fold it . You then have a new piece of paper .The test-circle of same r will have double the thickness .

Ie , nu will double .

Between 7 and 8 folds , nu will hit the ceiling of mu=1 , regardless of the starting value of nu .

This is the maximum number of paper folds , as confirmed from other sources .


 

Physical interpretations :

Take an m-dimensional space . Randomness of order Beth(0) applies equally to all . The underlying equalizer . Collapse it to three dimensions and let the third one approach single Planck lengths .

Then we can use the above paper approximation . Notice how d cancels out except for an addition of 1 in final ratio .


 

What does it mean ?

See the physical universe as a brane (ie sheet of paper) in a multiverse . Crumpling it means it has mass and singularities . Both are aspects of the same thing .

An estimate of the number of singularities can be made from edges and points in crumpled paper .


 

Can we crumple the paper to a ball that is just paper ?

That is a particle .

The answer is "Yes" .


 

Such crumpling means that mu=1 (no empty space in any dimension )

This gives an quartic equation in nu that solves to four values , other dimensions than three denoted by i=(-1)^0.5


 

See http://www.1728.org/quartic.htm for a calculator

nu1= 14.722181 (this makes the physical particle universe possible . Mass .

Nu2= - 0.004167 + i*0.49558 (Rotation :Spin :charge and magnetism)

nu3 = - 0.004167 - i*0.49558 (Rotation :Spin :charge and magnetism) notice the minus sign .

Nu4= - 0.49164542 (quantum effects as the particles dither. Inertia?)


 

What does a negative nu mean ?

nu=r/d . A negative nu means one of r or d must be negative .

1.If r is negative , it can be interpreted as curled up dimensions , inside the "outside" dimensions as defined by i . See http:andreswhy.blogspot.com " The inside of zero" Aug 2009

2.If d is negative , it can be interpreted as quantum effects . A particle does not "occupy" all the space . Likes hopscotch .

3.But notice the the two are interrelated .The notorious observer effect . Where we place the minus sign between r or d .


 

There should be relationships between nu2 , nu3 and nu4 . Various rotations between macro- and micro dimensions .

This means the contraption is not symmetrical But we already know that ,


 

Physical constants :

Things like charge , mass , etc should be derivable from these basics . Hint:use lots of crumpled paper .


 

There is hope . The fact that it is quartic equation , which is always solvable , means that the Universe can be understood . Complicated and perverse , but as long as you stick to Beth(0) randomness , it can be understood . For higher orders of randomness , good luck .


 

Dark Matter :

I nearly forgot . Using Planck units , we can define the ratio of thickness of the brane as

nu=c*PlanckTime/(1*Planck Time)

nu=c = 3*10^8

This gives a

Mu=4/3*(2c+1)^3/2 / c^2

Simplifying (c is very large) . This gives the approximation

mu=4/3* 2^1.5 / c^0.5

mu=2.1773242 * 10^ (-4)

mu = 1-0.999783357

This means that 99.9783357 % of the universe can be interpreted as being "Dark Matter".

Ie with attractive and repulsive qualities . Basically empty space .

May you have joy of that .


 

An interesting aside :Creative artists .

How many pieces of paper does an artist need to crumple up and throw away before he finds something acceptable ?

Something acceptable would translate to mu=1 . Thus , we can say 7-8 truly random foldings should give a result .

The same holds for cryptanalysis or any attempt to find an unknown .

Algorithm :

Try 8 times , crumple , then put it aside and try again later .

There is a quantum connection , strange as it might seem .


 

And what about a nice little Crumpling App for smartphones ?

But the randomness should be from truly random tables , not pseudo-random generators .


 

Randomly yours.

Andre

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Friday, January 25, 2013

How many people doe my Blog reach ?

How many people does my blog reach ?


Andre Willers
26 Jan 2013
Synopsis :
We use Network Theory to get a boundary estimate for a Blogger Reach . How many people are reached , on average .
Discussion :
1.Every Pageview on a Google blog gets distributed to a number of friends , acquaintances , etc .
2.These upper and lower boundaries can be approximated by Fibonacci sequences in samples larger than 300 .
3. If the site forms a Group (eg the site has inter-hyperlinks) , then you only need to consider the total site-Pageviews .
4.This makes it really simple (leave the degree of hyperlinks to the dear reader . But about 1 per post should be sufficient . .
5.Now we can go to town with Fibonacci sequences and 6 degrees of connectivity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation in Small-world Networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network .
6.We simply summate the Fibonacci –sequence to the desired degree of connectivity .
This is the old wave-front idea . Every F(x) generates a new wavefront . Not too serious over only 6 iterations .
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/52707.html
S(n) = F(0) + F(1) + F(2) + ... + F(n) = F(n+2) – 1

7. This means that any quantum sapient system whatsoever always looks at least two steps ahead .
Beth(3) at least .
8. So if there 6 steps , we get :
S(x) = (1+1)+( 2+3 +5+8+13+21+34 + 55) + 89 +…
S(6) = 54 -1 -2 =52 .

9. This means that any hyperlinked system reaches at least 52 times the audience from the blog entry .

10 .So for my particular blog (http://andreswhy.blogspot.com) , I only need to look at the total Pageviews (28 620) to say that all the posts are interconnected , and that the number of people reached is about 28 620 x 52 = 1 .49 million.

11. Not really impressive out of 7 billion .
Oh Well .

Andre

Wednesday, January 23, 2013

World economy March 2013

Andre Willers

23 Jan 2013

Synopsis:

What will the World Economy look like if the US defaults in March 2013 due to political gridlock about raising the debt ceiling (80% prob) ?

Discussion :

1.Review Money (Appendix IB) and Exchange Rates and Social Media (Appendix IIB)

2.The massive creation of money after the financial crises of 2008- present (Jan 2013) has mainly been parked in the future . Promises to pay , promptly re-deposited with the Central Banks . Little got into circulation . Inflation thus stayed low . Especially food inflation , that fuelled the Hysterical Focus Food Riots of 2007-2009 .(Remember them ? The Arab Spring was a small outflow from this .)

3.Countries like USA , EU has to bring their Current Deficit down to start whittling away at the massive total national debts , without causing major inflation , especially food inflation . Also , defaults are verboten (the tricky part)

4.What they need is a politically accepted way of destroying money . (They are paying the price for not developing one )

5.There is one trusty way of destroying money without too much pain : Exchange Rates . It is after all one of the ways of defining money . The trick will be to control the changes of the exchange rates to slowly phase out effects of excessive money creation . See Appendix IIIB

6.This will be the Sticky Point .

Interested parties standing to lose wealth will scream Currency War .

But remember , these are just promises to pay . Restructuring the promises along temporal-contractual terms (like venture-capital governmental guarantees based on exchange rate surpluses ) will help .

7.Another trusty way of zapping money are bubbles . See Appendix IVB for a general discussion of Bubble Management .

8.The best way is invest in High-Risk R&D . Blue-sky research . But on a large scale .

This soaks up a lot of money , but pay-offs are huge and are in Real Wealth , not inflationary fiat money .

In effect , you trade in inflationary money for a steak in a potentially wealth creating enterprise . This is what Venture Capitalists get rich on .

On large scale , the Champions of the various States (eg DARPA-USA , Russia Champions , China Red Army) , instead of funding it all , would invite investors holding large amounts of newly created money to fund these projects . Small ones too . The odds are better than the Lottery . Crowd-funding would soak up a useful amount .

See Appendix VB

8.1 Security :

These champions handle very security-sensitive investments . But there are very good anonymizer systems available .

8.2Essentially , the Invester puts his money in a proven track-record system , backed by a national government .

The Government gains by sterilizing toxic debts . The Invester gains by getting at least 4% yields . (The Average Wealth growth of Western Civilizations over the last 130 years . This is an extraordinarily hard figure to get . Apart from inherent data-problems , everybody is lying their heads off.)

8.3 And there are the Derivitive Markets , soaking up even more money (and losing them even more easily)

8.4 It will help if only ring-fenced toxic debts are allowed into these derivitives , but I wouldn't hold my breath .


 

9.So what will happen on March 2013 in the USA ?

9.1An eye-ball to eye-ball confrontation seems inevitable . Both sides are sincerely convinced they are right . They are thinking of their grand-children , not their own money .

Lincoln was right to say that the Union MUST be preserved .

But he meant the political Union , not the Financial Union .


 

9.2The Way Out :

The measures as discussed above . The most likely is Currency War on the exchange rates , but the rest follows from this .

Three hundred million people in a democracy simply does not just lie down and starve .

This will happen regardless whether the gridlock happens or not .

This a Financial Secession , not a Political Secession like the 1860 AD Civil War .

9.2.1 Expect new Exchanges and Bourses , especially in Mid-Western states like Texas .

9.2.2 The first flashpoint will be Energy Markets , because of Fracking .

9.2.3The more Exchanges , the merrier . Arbitrageuring between many markets (in essence , playing with exchange rates) , favours efficient systems and destroys created money . (Think it through : the more markets , the more examination of information . The less chance of liers distorting the market .)

9.2.4 How many markets :

From General Reserve Principles , between 27%-37% (Avg 33%) of the 50 states .

The Fed will create 16 New Stock Exchanges , with one roving Exchange (just to stir things up)

If the Fed does not create them , they will evolve if there is a Financial Secession . Lots of yakkity-yak .

10. USA IRS

The USA tax should increase . All those newly created dollars are being churned through the new exchanges , generating a tax .

The USA does not need to be the world's policeman , but it still needs a Big Stick . For that it needs a big income .

Everybody (except the baddies) benefit from this . It is only fair they pay their share . But how ?

The Military Industrial Complex is a large manufacturing system . Some parts (like Boeing) has a civilian income stream .

This can be privatized , but care must be taken to anonymize it . Else you end up like the Late Roman Empire . An Army with a state .


 

11. What does all this mean ?

A Financial Secession in the USA seems inevitable , either by gridlock in March 2013 or reform .

This will take the form of Regional States . About 17 of them . They are not autonomous political units (the Union is Preserved) , but an individual can move from one to another subject to very different Federal benefits and taxes .

"You pays your money and takes your chances ."

Something like the Provinces in China . A very successful model .

There will be an explosion of investment products . You can make money out of them , but the odds favour the House .

DARPA investments will warrant a second look after the dust has settled down .

11.1 Inflation : expect low inflation to continue . Everybody is scared of the combination of Food Inflation + Social Media .

11.2 While this continues , I am keeping my money in Money Markets . When things have settled down a bit , I will consider flutters (1/9) on interesting DARPA investments .


 

12. All this seems fanciful . But no more than FDR's New Deal .

Obama cannot be re-elected . One of the strengths of the USA system . He has about two years to really change the system . To do this he has to change some of the concentrations of money . This was done before by Theodore Rooseveldt with the Sherman Anti-trust act.

Just breaking up the wealth concentrations into mutually competing systems with CEO's of monumental ego's was sufficient .

The same with multiple Exchanges .

13. An interesting aside:

Concorde II

Concorde I was the equivalent of a single DARPA project . It came to a sticky end because of insufficient skunk-works and funding only from the EU

Concorde II would be a ballistic hypersonic vehicle . It can bypass all the previous environmental concerns . Working ramjets have been tested . Funding can be done as discussed above .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle

Not even this is needed .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb

"It is a common myth that the V-1's Argus As 014 pulse jet engine needed a minimum airspeed of 150 mph (240 km/h) to operate. The Argus As 014 (also known as a resonant jet) could in fact operate at zero airspeed due to the nature of its intake shutters and its acoustically tuned resonant combustion chamber. Contemporary film footage of the V-1 always shows the distinctive pulsating exhaust of a fully running engine before the catapult system is triggered and the missile launched.[citation needed] The origin of this myth may lie in the fact that due to the low static thrust of the pulse jet engine and the very high stall speed of the small wings, the V-1 could not take off under its own power in a practically short distance, and thus required to either be launched by aircraft catapult or be airlaunched from a modified bomber aircraft such as the Heinkel He-111. Ground-launched V-1s were typically propelled up an inclined launch ramp by an apparatus known as a Dampferzeuger ("steam generator") which used stabilized hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate (T-Stoff and Z-Stoff).[9][page needed] Takeoff speed was 360 mph (580 km/h)."

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

We can design a solid-state ramjet that operates from standing still .

Some nifty design and execution is called for .

Basically , what you need is a feedback device that feedbacks the high-pressure after the fuel ignition to near the intake to cause intermittent locks .

These are machined at precise intervals and sizes .

We make these effective at various Mach numbers . You will have to sum the effects . This should give a ramjet that can start from zero to hypersonic velocities . It gets rid of those pesky vibrations because of the feedback from all the takeoff holes . You can use a car's fuel injection electronics to fine-tune fuel injection into the feedback tubes to get an even burn in the combustion chamber . Simple and elegant .

A cheap way to get into orbit .

Also a huge small-aircraft market .

This idea is free .

There is a huge market (see Virgin Intergalactic (sic)) .


 

But getting Europeans to agree on anything is like herding cats .

----------------

If you understood what I meant , you must have understood what I said .

(I am not a Central Banker)

Andre


 

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Appendix IB

Money

Andre Willers

26 Oct 2008


 

What is money ?

This , funnily enough , is a Hard Question , both in the ordinary and the mathematical sense . It is linked to any sapient past and future .


 

We try to sneak up on it by looking at what it is not .


 

1.Money is meaningless to a lone individual .


 

You cannot eat a coin or a diamond or a note . It only has value if you can interact with another individual and trade .

This sounds trite , but it immediately enables us to apply the powerful algorithms of Artificial Intelligence (see http://andreswhy.blogspot.com " Artificial Intelligence" et al .


 

Money can be described as a language , defining the AI's (humans) . We all know people whose main sense of self comes from money .


 

2. If it can't be counted , it's not money .


 

The basis of the long love-affair between science and business .

"If it cannot be put in numbers , it is not Science"


 

Trade implies repetitiveness over either time or space dimensions . This implies delineation . No fuzzy currencies , thank you .


 

Since even bacteria can count ( eg quorum systems) , it might be profitable to look at them in monetary terms .

How much will it cost to pay an infection to go away ? A cancer to de-metastize ?

We suspect that large part of the success of the immune system is due to payments of this sort .


 

3.If it can't be exchanged for some other currency , it is not money .


 

The exchange mechanism forces abstraction . Regardless of how many dimensions the currency operates in , there is always one outside it .

(A direct consequence of A plus non-A less than Universum) .

So , any currency must be an abstraction .


 

Without the Market , there is no money .

This is actually a restatement of Item 1 above , but in terms of groups .


 

Seller A shops around for the best countable value . But he can only shop around if there is a group of sellers with a spread (uncertainty) of selling prices . The same is true of sellers . This creates the Market .

Market-mechanisms are created by traders watching each other and trying to outguess each other . Infinite sequences are established , especially in time .

This creates the mathematically hard part .


 

This enables the powerful , symmetry-breaking algorithms as set out in

http://andreswhy.blogspot.com

" Financial Crisis 2008 : Exchange Rates " and

"Facebook , ExchangeRate and the Singularity"


 

4. If it is not a mathematically Hard Question , it is not money .

This means that if there is no uncertainty (risk) , there is no money .


 

The proof of this is obvious . (It follows directly from Item 3 above)

Second-guessing by both sellers and buyers might have some very fancy mathematical terminology , but they all depend on a measure of uncertainty (the price spread on beth(0))


 

Hard Questions here is used in the sense of problems whose solutions need computation resources that grow faster than that available to the applicable society .


 

Computation resources are defined by AI(m) as previously described .

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Artificial Intelligence" , et al

There is a relationship between computational resources and bandwidth .


 

Increased bandwidth means an increase in m of AI(m) .


 

The mere existence of money is a powerful evolutionary force , increasing the bandwidth between segments of AI(x) .


 

Time-binding (like future promises , interest , etc ) stitches together the fabric of Social-Capitalism . How individuals can work together for the greater good (Adam Smith's "Invisible Hand")


 

Because humans are Beth(n>1) , if they are in the loop , they can always think up a scheme that reduces risk .


 

This involves heavy computation . We are now (2008) living through the wreckage of a period when ALL financial institutions tried to reduce risk to zero .


 

Reduction of all risks to zero is not possible to any sapient that uses the Axiom of Delineation .


 

Bounce Back (2008)

The bounce-back will be interesting . Hundreds of thousands of AI(3.0x) individuals are suddenly at liberty to explore different avenues .

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Facebook , ExchangeRate and the Singularity"


 

Refer to the Eastern Europe bounce-back after the collapse of Communism .


 

This collapse of Capitalism will be seen as essential to the Singularity .

Pathways discouraged by capitalism will be aggressively explored by social-combines co-ordinated through high-bandwidth peer-systems such as Face-Book .


 

Historical Analogue

The Low-Countries' (Netherlands , Belgium) after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire .


 

Virtual money

Well , all money is virtual . So-called hard currency like gold simply quibbles about the rate of exchange . The essential point is agreement amongst groups of entities to have a reasonably stable value that can have reasonably stable exchange rates for goods and services , other currencies , and a degree of uncertainty . These are elements (1,2,3,4) above .


 

As can be surmised , Item 4 is the problematic one , since it is open-ended .


 

Linden Dollars are now one of the few virtual currencies that have convertability , but this is set to explode .


 

"The Next big Thing"


 

Multi-dimensional currencies amongst various virtualities will evolve .

Values which cannot be expressed in dollar terms (ie favours) , but which have countable values and exchange-rates with other currencies .


 

Parallel-Processing Groups


 

Example :

Parallel-Processing Groups will make their Attention available at a multi-dimensional price .

A creative FaceBook Group Alpha might sell its future Attention on an Exchange .

(This is already being done in embryo form by virtual markets on decision points .)

The Attention of the FaceBook Group Alpha is split pro-rata to the shareholders' interest .

The system is inherently parallel-processing .(Why the Attention can be split)

Payment is on negotiation in terms of various currencies of the problem .

A futures market on the various currencies of FaceBook Group Alpha is inevitable , per currency and per FaceBook Group .


 

As you can see , things are about to get very complicated in a hurry .


 

Dollars will not be the only currency .

$Newness , $interestingness , $meaningfulness , $for-the-hell-of-itness are some currencies that spring to mind . They still have to be quantified and a range (uncertainty) of exchange values established .


 

(Something like this has happened many times before in aristocracies , but they never had mechanisms of quantifying it , and , more importantly , establishing exchange rates .The casualty was innovation . The remnants were favours .)


 

Transhumans

The same as above , only more so .

The interesting thing is that the run-up to the singularity is smooth .


 

Will this be true of every sapient civilization ?

We refer to Pohl's Question : "Where are they ?"

Planets are nurseries .


 

We can say that any sapient civilization that uses money will have smooth run-up to the Singularity .


 

The question is whether there will be any high-tech remnants after the Singularity .

The answer is usually no .

A responsible civilization will let stay-behinds alone on a replenished planet .

But there is not enough money of various currencies to sustain the infrastructure .

Not enough $Goodwill , $Innovativeness , $Caring , etc.

The society devolves .


 

Remnants of irresponsible civilizations that allowed replication machinery to remain are gently reminded by the introduction entropy viruses into their replication processes . (Older civilizations are still around)


 

In any case , it is extremely doubtful whether a Beth(2) civilization could create an entropy-free structure . And immature civilizations usually go into singularity on beth(2) levels .


 

The Others:

Any expansionist civilization will sooner or later run into a civilization close to the singularity and get smashed for their pains .

To put it into Earth-understandable terms : there can be no forced empire if everyone has nuclear weapons .


 

The critical thing to watch out for are the exchange rates . Once exchange rates between "Innovativeness" and some realizable value is established , the system will explode into a positive feedback loop . (This has happened before to a lesser degree with the establishment of the Patent Office in the early US.)

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Infinite Probes" and other arguments .

(Universum minus (A plus non-A) ) is mined for insights . Creativity abounds .


 

God's Snowball :

God is the ultimate snowball .

He put his thumb firmly on the scale through the Distributive Axiom of ArithII .


 

To recapitulate the Distributive Axiom of ArithII .

Z(1)=(1+x)(1+y)

Z(1)=1+x+y+xy

Z(2)=1+(-x)+(-y)+(-x)(-y)

Z(3)=z(2)+z(1)

=2(1+xy)

That xy term is the killer . If x and y are both negative , xy is positive . This breaks the symmetry . Any exchange rate is a multiplication of terms .Symmetry is broken in any exchange rate in an ArithII system .


 

The underlying system has a tendency to increase at any iteration . The snowball grows bigger . As described , if one integrates it over infinity of values it is 2/3 of basic value .

This is the added value of all the interactions.

This ties in with http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Infinite Probes"

The basic observed value has a reserve of 1/3 of the value . This has immediate physical significance with quarks .


 

To summarise:

Any Universe that has money , has symmetry breaking on exchange-rates in purely physical particle-particle terms . This leads to quark electric charges of multiples of a 1/3 , as well as no negative mass (unless in carefully structured environments) .


 

A good example of how top-level feedback mechanisms are related to very low-level mechanisms .


 

Also why singularities are inevitable . Increasing complexity and wealth is built into this Universe .


 

Humans have to work hard at screwing it up , and so they do with great enthusiasm .


 

One of the great Reality Shows ..


 

Human growth rates .

God can thus use financial growth rates to estimate how things are going , without having to count where every sparrow falls . Which is handy . Not only for God , but for humans as well , anxious to know how they are doing vis-à-vis God .


 

God went to great pains to create an inherent 2/3 gain in the system . The system is fractal . Being fractal , a third of this has a beth(2) probability (2/3/3=0.2222) . Another third has a beth(1) probability (0.074) and another third has a beth(0) probability (2/(3^4)=0.02469)


 

Interesting is that a beth(-1) probability has a growthrate of (2/(3^5)=0.0082)

Beth(0) means normal chance . Beth(-1) means determinism : a command economy .


 

Social-Capitalism (China) fluctuates between 7.4% and 22%

Pure Capitalism (USA) fluctuates between 2.5% and 7.4%

Pure Socialism (Cuba) fluctuates between 0.8% and 2.5%


 

You can see where things are going .

There is room at the top . Call it FaceBookism

FaceBookism fluctuates between 22% and 67%

Going into the Singularity .


 

The Hoag Rating .

(From "The unpleasant profession of Jonathan Hoag" by Heinlein .)

If you were a Universe Critic , how would you rate our universe?

On a scale of one to five .


 

I would rate it a two .


 

It is insufficiently challenging .

The light-speed barrier between solar systems make nice crèches , but does it really prepare a youngling for diversity ? Ditto the absurd conservation laws . Even the indigenes have to use ridiculous make-believes like "potential energy"


 

The locals even have a term for it : Beta-testing by the user .

As contradictions are observed , the physical laws are patched .


 

And so it goes .


 

Andre

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Appendix IIB

Facebook , Exchange Rates and the Singularity.

Andre Willers

21 Oct 2008


 

As requested .


 

Discussion :


 

Descriptive Axioms.

The principle underlying our description of the universe is heavily influenced by our physiology . The fire-nofire structure of neurons tends to an Aristotelian view with a delineated structure . But there are also concentration-gradients of chemicals (ie hormones , neurotransmitters, etc) which are not delineated except at molecular level (and not even at sub-molecular level) .


 

Axiom of Delineation .

We assume that it makes sense to talk of something separate of something else . In a non-trivial Universum , this means there are a lot of somethings , and they interact .


 

The way they interact can be described by exchange rates between the separate entities . Notice that this is the definition of relativity .


 

We use descriptions like energy , information , aledicnander , money , quantum levels , momentum , etc to describe the exchange rates .


 

Just to make things interesting , Russel , Whitehead , Godel et al proved that this is not internally consistent (ie there are "somethings" which cannot be delineated ).

Being humans , they promptly delineated them and used probabilities in a very loose fashion in wave-mechanics .


 

So , now we have exchange-rates not only between somethings , but also between non-somethings and all the various permutations thereof .


 

No wonder quantum mechanics drives them mad !


 

The metric .

The further thing we need is some way of counting (ie an Arithmetical System) .

The classical one is the Standard one we all learned at school .

Call it ArithII . Its distinguishing characteristic is that the number line does not circle

around and cross itself . (ie a+1<>a)


 

If it does circle , it is known as an ArithI system .

ArithI plus at least one extra axiom can always be described by ArithII . Think of the extra axiom as the number where the ArithII line crosses itself , and/or the radius . One can add axioms with gay abandon , but the core of ArithII remains .


 

ArithI generates quantum systems , but these can always be related to ArithII + ExtraAxioms . This is the basis of present quantum physics .


 


 


 

Exchange rates .

See Appendix A . I am not going to go to the trouble of creating another example .

This example alone is enough to make anyone as rich as he wants to be .

In Warren Buffet's terms , it identifies the Snowball .


 

The values in the table is the phase-space . Draw any line or curve through them and you describe the path of any system that can be described in two dimensions . Ie any delineated systems (A and non-A) in a non-trivial universe .


 

Sum the values in the table along the curve .


 

If the path is Beth(0) random , the value approaches 2/3 of the basic interaction .

Your attention is drawn to quark descriptions .


 

Charge .

The conclusion is that electric charge is a property of the symmetry break in Beth(0) exchange rates between particles .


 

Mass

The conclusion is that mass is a property of the symmetry break in Beth(n>0) exchange rates between particles .


 

Mass-Charge Relation .

The conclusion is that mass can be described as a function of Beth(n>0) of charge .

This translates as multiple crossings of the number-line in the phase-space .

Curlicues in the phase-space path .

This is equivalent to spin . (Multiple ArithI systems)


 

Gravity and Anti-Gravity

The symmetry-break means that this Universe will only have one type of matter (+2/3) . But we can have Beth(m) systems that curlicue in the negative return sections (ie anti-gravity) . These would be functions of mass-charge spin in very specific configurations .


 

Hint : See stable orbital configurations of two masses . There are hundreds known . Possibly an infinite number . Most are very fancy , the later ones with path crossings .


 

Summing all possible curlicues gives the value of G.


 

Inverse square law :

Note the x squared value in the derivation below in Appendix A .

This is derived from a Beth(0) randomness .

Beth(n>0) systems will deviate from this .


 

Singularity .

A workable definition :

The information flow between two delineated entities approaches infinity .

The bandwidth approaches infinity .


 

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com " Artificial Intelligence"


 

The traditional view of the singularity is of a small group using mind-computer interfaces to bootstrap up .


 

What is happening is that massive number of humans are interacting via social networks like Facebook (ie AI(3.0x) , where x->999999… to AI(3.1) ) .


 

The effect can be seen , as expected , first in Universities . New ideas and patents are ascribed to genuine idea-associations , not the old leader + team . This is a real effect .


 

The mechanisms enabled by things like Facebook , are bringing about a factorial increase in the number of interactions between groups and individuals .


 

This is the definition of increasing the bandwidth between AI(3.0) entities .

An example : it is faster and better to interrogate the AI(3) system to get a datum than to try AI(0) (memory) , AI(1) (ask someone verbally) , AI(2) (look it up in a book)


 

AI(3.1)

Mind computer interfaces are then phasing into existing structures without too much fuss . (Except for those outside it , who are left at an extreme and increasing disadvantage .)


 

AI(4)

There is a real discontinuity here . Quantum systems are inherently different from AI(3.1) systems . They are sufficiently different that we can assign a new dimension to them . We can then use the ExchangeRate mechanism (between AI(4) and the other AI's ) to really ratchet up the gain .


 

When and how will this happen ?

Not by small patches . Whole segments of societies will move imperceptibly into the singularity .


 

Their exchange rates will use larger and larger bandwidth .

Capital (ie usable human knowledge) increases in proportion to bandwidth .


 

Time Travel .

Think of the phase-space below as being time-independent .

The only interventions locals would notice would be beth(1+) interventions .

Beth(0) interventions would be superfluous , since the system would already incorporate them .

Beth(1+) interventions does happen , but in true human fashion they are swept under the carpet .

Purely technological interventions are far between and extremely difficult .

The only ones I can assign some degree of confidence in is the magnetron in WWII and mass-production of spectacles in the 13th century .

The magnetron is a typical beth(1) technology . Rotation and constriction .

After 5 decades they are still stuck on the waterhole frequency . Even supercomputers won't help . If they really understood this , they would have tunable lasers .

Hint : use genetic algorithms on the constriction structures and the accellerations of the rotating magnetic field .


 

Andre


 

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


 

Appendix A


 

Table of % change in Rand Value of Rand-Denominated Foreign Funds 

       

Andre Willers . 16 Oct 2008 

                  

See discussion in "Exchange Rates" 

                
                       

Formulae : 

                     

V(0)=N*R(0)*DOW(0) where V is rand value , N is number of units , R is rands a $ will buy , DOW in US

 

V(1)=N*{ R(0)+dR }*{ DOW(0)+dDow } where d-prefix means change 

         

{dV / V(0)} = {dR / R(0)} + {dDOW / DOW(0)} + {dR / R(0) * dDOW / DOW(0) } 

      
                       

Match every row j with every column I 

                

The sum= 2 * (x^2) , where 0<=x<=1 

               

Integrate dV : Value gained = 2 * 1/3 * (1)^3 = 2/3 of Base value . 

         

The Base value is then 1/3 of total Value (ie the the reserve) .

          

See "Infinite Probes" 

                    
                       

PercValueChange  

                    

= percExchangeRatechange + percDOWchange + (percExchangeRatechange * percDOWchange)/100 

 
                       
                       

  

Table of % change in Rand Value of Rand-Denominated Foreign Funds 

  

  

  

 

  

PercValueChange  

               

  

 

DOW 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

Change in 

Exchange rate : %Increase in Rands one Dollar will buy . 

       

  

 

Shares%

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

 

-10 

-19 

-18 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-15 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

 

-9 

-18 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0.1 

 

-8 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-2 

-1 

0 

1.2 

 

-7 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

0 

1 

2.3 

 

-6 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

2 

3.4 

 

-5 

-15 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

4.5 

 

-4 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5.6 

 

-3 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6.7 

 

-2 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7.8 

 

-1 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

8.9 

 

0 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

 

1 

-9.1 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

 

2 

-8.2 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

 

3 

-7.3 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

 

4 

-6.4

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

 

5 

-5.5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6.1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

 

6 

-4.6 

-4 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7.1 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

 

7 

-3.7 

-3 

-2 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8.1 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

 

8 

-2.8 

-2 

-1 

0

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9.1 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

 

9 

-1.9 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

 

10 

-1 

0.1 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

 
                       

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Appendix IIIB

Financial Crisis 2008 : Exchange Rates.

Andre Willers

16 Oct 2008


 

Summation :


 

1 .Economies with different currencies and exchange rates are extremely lucrative in a real basic sense .

2.If the dominant share index growth (we will use the DOW) goes negative , the exchange rates will strongly track the DOW .

3.If the dominant share index growth goes positive , the exchange rates will weakly track the DOW rate .

4. Recovery rates of established economies after a downturn are faster because they use the emerging economies as a chaos (entropy) sink .


 

Discussion :


 

Examine the table in Appendix A carefully .

This is applicable to any system that is identifiable and follows at least the distributive

Axioms of Arithmatic .


 

Notice the breakeven diagonal line from bottom-left to top-right . This is the attractor in this phase-space .

Especially the top-right . As the DOW losses increase , the rand-exchange rate has to track it if no losses are to be sustained .


 

The systems all track zero losses as goals . Remember , not only do humans think this way , but their computer programs are written this way .


 

While this was written with rand-denominated fund like AllanGray GlobalOrbis FeederFund in mind , the argument is valid for a foreign investor as well . If there is little likelihood of a rand-exchange strengthening , he has to make a rand profit . Hence , he has to follow the above relationship between DOW and Rand-exchange .


 

The gain :

Jump through the positions in the table .

The feedback systems ensure that systems spend most of their time in positive return territory . Another way of putting it is that the chances of profit and loss are not equal.

That is not Beth(0) . Not classically random .


 

But even if it was beth(0) , there would still be a bias to profitability built into the fabric of the universe .


 

Look at the top left of the table (max 19% loss) to bottom right(21% gain) . The values around them show a similar bias .


 

This means , that even if you move at beth(0) random through the table , summing the values , you will still end up with a 66.66% gain . This is inherent in the mathematics of this universe. (That pesky third multiplicative term where two negatives multiply to form a positive value : God's Thumb on the scale.)


 

This has tremendous significance to any socio-economic system . A 2%+ gain , century after century is a hell of a compound gain . But empires retard it , as there would be no significant exchange rates . Hence the decrease in populations at the height of isolated empires .Cf Roman Empire .


 

Sigh . So much for World Empire or Galactic Empire .

That 2%+ gap is just too much . No single empire could compete to unify them all .

The world compound growth since 1900 is but about 4% , half of which now seems systemic to multi-nationalism .


 

Things don't look too good for compounds like the EU economic zone . They would be better off with fewer zones (eg France , Germany as Euro1 , etc . Not exactly back no national currencies , but more profitable than the present setup . This will probably evolve from the present strains on the system . China's special Economic Zones are creating similar problems .


 

Social Capitalism can handle both problems . Divorce the short-term and long-term and connect them with futures (Socialism ) .


 

Recovery rates and Entropy Sinks :

Think of an entropy sink as the black-hole of all the failed ideas , irrecoverable debts both monetary and morally and generally all the bad things you would prefer to forget.

Also known to the particle-physics trade as symmetry-breaking .

To religionists as forgiveness .


 

Western civilizations are something of specialists in this .

The twentieth century alone saw the demise of numerous currencies , political systems , empires , countries , etc .

Not to mention the divorce rate .


 

The meme-machinery to do this has spread planet-wide .

The meme is to cut away and eliminate .

Hitler who ?


 

The Arms-trade

An interesting corollary is the Arms-Trade .

A real relic , a luxury that will be cut . An interesting form of reserve .


 

This is a toxic-meme dump site . The arms are merely a small part of it .

The ideal way would be to set up Special-Meme Zones , where persons with toxic memes can be relocated and eliminate themselves . Somalia is a good example .

In any case , the arms-trade is history .

An unlamented casualty of the present crisis .


 

The Critical Point .

One asks what was the cusp between a new future and a replay of WWII in this crisis ?

It was when Gordon Brown convinced the other states to use investment in the share-capital of banks to save them . This automatically limited the state's involvement in recovery process .

The temptation to use protectionist legislation was severely limited .

( In the Big Depression of the 1930's, it was the protectionist cure that killed the system . Like SARS )


 

All credit to Gordon Brown .


 

This model has numerous other applications .


 

Andre


 

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


 

Appendix A


 

Table of % change in Rand Value of Rand-Denominated Foreign Funds 

       

Andre Willers . 16 Oct 2008 

                  

See discussion in "Exchange Rates"

                
                       

Formulae : 

                     

V(0)=N*R(0)*DOW(0) where V is rand value , N is number of units , R is rands a $ will buy , DOW in US 

 

V(1)=N*{ R(0)+dR }*{ DOW(0)+dDow } where d-prefix means change

         

{dV / V(0)} = {dR / R(0)} + {dDOW / DOW(0)} + {dR / R(0) * dDOW / DOW(0) } 

      
                       

Match every row j with every column I 

                

The sum= 2 * (x^2) , where 0<=x<=1 

               

Integrate dV : Value gained = 2 * 1/3 * (1)^3 = 2/3 of Base value .

         

The Base value is then 1/3 of total Value (ie the the reserve) . 

          

See "Infinite Probes" 

                    
                       

PercValueChange  

                    

= percExchangeRatechange + percDOWchange + (percExchangeRatechange * percDOWchange)/100

 
                       
                       

  

Table of % change in Rand Value of Rand-Denominated Foreign Funds 

  

  

  

 

  

PercValueChange  

               

  

 

DOW 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

Change in 

Exchange rate : %Increase in Rands one Dollar will buy . 

       

  

 

Shares% 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

 

-10 

-19 

-18 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-15 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2

-1 

 

-9 

-18 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0.1 

 

-8 

-17 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-2 

-1 

0 

1.2 

 

-7 

-16 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

0 

1 

2.3 

 

-6 

-15 

-14 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

2 

3.4 

 

-5 

-15 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

4.5 

 

-4 

-14 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5.6 

 

-3 

-13 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6.7

 

-2 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7.8 

 

-1 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

8.9 

 

0 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

 

1 

-9.1 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

 

2 

-8.2

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

 

3 

-7.3 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

 

4 

-6.4 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

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12 

13 

14 

 

5 

-5.5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6.1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

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13 

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16 

 

6 

-4.6 

-4 

-2 

-1 

-0 

1 

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4 

5 

6 

7.1 

8 

9 

10 

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13 

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17 

 

7 

-3.7 

-3 

-2 

-0 

1 

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4 

5 

6 

7 

8.1 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

 

8 

-2.8 

-2 

-1 

0 

2 

3 

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5 

6 

7 

8 

9.1 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

 

9 

-1.9 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

 

10 

-1 

0.1 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

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Appendix IVB

Bubble Management

Andre Willers

3 Oct 2008


 

Synopsis:

We try to find a general algorithm for bubbles .


 

Discussion:

Delineation .

We know that defining something as delineated enables us to use the fact that the number of permutations of n elements = n!

This enables us to say that e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + …

This enables a number of powerful statements about reserves , etc . See previous posts

Http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Infinite Probe" etc

Note that e is not a rational or irrational number . It is an aleph(2) number , and thus can describe beth(2) systems .


 

Undelineated fuzzies.

I use the term "fuzzies" because

English does not have a term for undelineated existences .

We use this as a term for unknown laws and genuine fuzzies . They are synonymous at any point of ignorance .

This is provable from the proof that (A + Non-A < Universum ) . See previous discussions . (Russell , et al)


 

How do we handle fuzzies mathematically ?

Well , we know we need at least two dimensions . But we cannot know the exact value of the second dimension , since it probably has no single value . But we can assign values.


 

Imaginary Numbers are assigned using the i=Square root of (-1) as a designator . This is aptly named . It denotes the collapse of an infinite number of dimensions into one value . This value may take ranges of values .


 

The usual interpretation is a single value at right angles to the real number subset , but this is but a subset of possible values .


 

The result is Complex numbers (z=a+ib) . These are fundamentally different from normal numbers , since they take fuzzies into account (depending on the interpretation)


 

Tying them together

We can take the definition of e and say


 

e^(f(j) = sigma ( f(j) / j!) , j=0 to infinity . f(j) need not be continous .


 

For instance , f(j) can be zero for every second term of j , etc .


 


 


 

F(j) can also be a complex number .


 

Then we can say


 

S=sigma(j^z)

= sigma( j^a . j^(ib) )


 

Interpretation : every term of j jitters around at random . Remember (ib) means fuzzy . This is simply the definition of a random walk , and we know the solution to that .

S=n^(0.5) . It is trivial to show that if every step j decreases by the square root of j , then the sum of such steps to infinity does not go to infinity . They can go to zero , or take up orbitals .


 

Thus S can only be 0 if a=(-0.5) .


 

This is the Riemann Theorem .


 

But S (also called the Zeta function) treats clumps of infinite sequences (like e ) as units .


 

But an inverse square value to fuzzy measurements show the fundamental difference between beth(0) and beth(1) systems .


 

Another way of seeing it , is that our physical laws measurements that involves inverse squares measures our ignorance pretty accurately .


 

Furthermore , we can say that every value in any possible bubble of e can be found in the Zeta function. This is why it is used widely in cryptographics .


 

What about Beth ?

Can you see that orders of Randomness are built into the uncertainty of the

i-dimension ? . Matter can be seen as beth(2) bubbles .


 

Therefore , bubble management also means matter management . Whether you do it by hand or by more direct physical means does not matter .


 

Beth(2+) Systems

Now we get to real bubble management .

There can be no internally stable bubble(x) management if the management is of order (x) .

A static hierarchy would result if not for the fact that ( A + Non-A < Universum ).

What does happen is a pulse-system . Also called life-death . Transition states .


 

It is a dynamic system . Bubble(x+1) manages bubble(x) states . Your attention is drawn to the definition of human minds in

Http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Artificial intelligence"


 


 

Smith("The wealth of nations") , Marx ("Das Kapital") etc still manages the bubbles .

But with interpretations .


 

Physical immortality is immaterial as long as the memory is a traveling wave , dropping things off at the back end . Real immortality means an external database immune to time , as well as interface systems . This is a beth(3)system .


 

Can you see the relevance to present information storage systems?


 

Even a nuclear war with EMP weapons will only be a hiccup to systems like the US . They have hardened disaster recovery sites storing everything . Systemic interruptions are catered for . Notice the shorter and shorter recovery times after each market downturn .


 

The system is heading into a singularity .


 

The timeline for this is about 2030 . Twenty years away . Do you know what this means ?


 

The momentum is about unstoppable . It is too late to think that internal dichotomies can tear the system apart . Nothing I can think of (except planetary sterilization) will stop this process .


 

This is the pulse process I was describing above . The last pulse before the Singularity.


 

Social-Capitalism will be the governing system as they go into the Singularity .


 

Can it be otherwise ?

Purely capitalist or socialist systems would not be able to amass the wealth or connectivity for a Singularity .


 

Green Social Capitalism is not too bad a way to manage the transfiguration of the human race.


 

They will even let die-hards survive .

Restocking the planet is a given .


 

The ultimate bubble management .


 

PS.

Buying from Universes-R-Us would have saved a lot of bother .


 

Have fun


 

Andre

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Appendix VB

This post was published to Andre's Why at 09:59:34 PM 2013/01/04

World economy March 2013


 


 

Andre Willers

4 Jan 2013

Synopsis :

Strategically , the Information Age is like the Light Horse Nomads vs the Knights-and-Castles defense , or Navy vs Outpost system .


 

Discussion :


1.Hackers , pedophiles and similar nasties can strike from anywhere in the world (Huns , Mongols ) . Or a deepwater navy .


2.A Defensive Structure (Castle or Outpost = computer security) is insufficient . A striking force (Knights or Counter Navy) is also needed .

Else the attackers can dismantle the defences at their leisure .



3. Aggressive Counter Hacking . (Knights , Navy)

See http://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/3538/aggressive-counter-hacking-past-present-future/105759

4. What happened historically ?

Even where they won (China) , the Ming rebellion eventually destroyed the Mongols after centuries of bloody warfare .

In the West , the Castles-and-Knights defense held . (Barely )

In both cases , it resulted in tighter centralised control , as agricultural and co-operative systems maximised their advantages .


 

In the Naval case , it ended with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . The naval empires (English and Dutch) amalgamated and carved up the world between them , squeezing out other competitors in the succeeding century (1759)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution

The Glorious Revolution,[a] also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wifeMary II of England.

An Interesting aside :

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674) . Lots of skulduggery leading up to the Great Merger . the Dutch realized they were too small to survive and needed a Big Brother . Hopefully the same common sense still holds . As I said , they survived for a long time and will cut their losses if forced to .


 

5.The same is happening today , only faster.

See Appendix IA .

The three major knights (DARPA , Russian Champions , Chinese Red Army) already have de-facto cooperation agreements about Lawless Nomads .

6.What does mean for Freedom of Information and the Internet ?

While the Internet might have started as a network to bypass damage , it has been undone by it's success . A few router farms have grown to handle the traffic , and they are vulnerable . But more telling , the Knights (like Darpa) are putting controls on the wild elements . Using aggressive counters .

Look what happened to Iran's nuclear program .

Not exactly a New World Order , but heading there .

Good thing or bad thing ?

Who knows . But from the history example , a major World Unitary Understanding is inevitable , has indeed already happened .


 

7.What about Europe ?

Sigh . See Appendix IA .

Clutching all , they stand to lose all .

"Oh my daughter , oh my ducats"

Their window of opportunity (especially the Dutch) is rapidly closing . An Ostrum Deal can still be made . But they will have to get a move on .

Brussels is trying to recreate the old Roman Empire model . Ostrum systems are too formidable competitors in the Information Age .


 

A Mega-Merger anyone ?


 

The first knight that marries the distressed maiden will dominate till the Singularity .


 

Andre


 

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Appendix I A

Bilderbergers : SuperHeroes or SuperVillains?

Andre Willers

11 Dec 2012

"Give me chastity and continence , but not yet." St Augustine

Synopsis:

Humans act in irresponsible ways , threatening their future survival . They know this , but expect some outside agency (SuperHero , God , Technology , etc) to save them from themselves .


 

Discussion :

1. I use the term Bilderbergers as a convenient label for the Interest group of capitalists concerned about the long-term survival of their descendants , and the concommittant plebeians .

2.Origin :

The Lowlands of North-Western Europe (present Holland , Belgium , Flanders) did not de-civilize or de-populate at the fall of the Western Roman Empire . Ie , Roman-Dutch Law , technological advancement in powertools (windmills , weaving) , sailing , commerce , etc .

See any Economic History textbook .

This laid the foundations of structures like the VOC , the Great Amalgamation with England (1688 Velvet Revolution- see Ferguson) , Limited Liability Companies , Stock Exchanges , etc .

Large capital concentrations that used technological advances , but under controlled conditions .

Then Jethro Tull and his Planter happened in 1700 AD . There was no coherent policy . The pulse of wealth created more pulses of wealth and Europe descended into a welter of war that has not stopped to this day .

In this process , technologies were created and used that threatens the ecosystem everybody depends on .

Like sitting on a branch while sawing it off . And paying bonuses to those who saws fastest .

Insane .

A typical Tragedy of the Commons , you say .

The Bilderbergers at present have no coherent strategy . They are but a bunch of very rich persons worried about the survival and legacy for their descendants , but without much idea what to do about it (except dominance , a proven failed strategy – cf Napoleon , Arab spring , etc ) .

Far from being the Masters of the Universe , they are a group with wildly divergent interests , with no coherent strategy , in competition with the Russians , Chinese and DARPA . At serious risk .

3.Ostrum – an unlikely SuperHeroine

A way out of the Tragedy of the Commons .

But it needs some clout (that pesky para 8 – see Appendix II)

A proven strategy .

3.Organizations like China nad Russia and DARPA are already applying it . Hence the high growth rates .

4.Another one is DARPA (see Appendix I) . The west's counter to USSR's Science Cities . Controlled openness won . Notice how quickly the Chinese copied it . A winning strategy .

5.Europe is trying the same with Bilderbergers .

But they need to take some lessons from Ms Ostrum . This should not be so onerous , as many sub-systems in their civilization are already using the Ostrum Principles . A Quiet Revolution .


 

6. Heroes or villains ?

The power of free information and capital cannot be gainsaid , but the excesses of sociopaths in control of major corporations like Enron cannot be countenanced .

The trick is to balance them .

7. The SuperHeroes are sitting this one out . Humans can , for once , solve their own problems .

But I suppose the Chinese , DARPA or Bilderbergers will do it for them if they cannot even ensure their own survival .


 

8.An interesting aside :

Jungian prescience in the 1930's would be mass hysteria like Godzilla (US bombing of Japan 1945) , or Frankenstein in early 1800's (automation) , vampires in late 1900's (AI's) , SuperHeroes 1900' s (Oops! We messed up ! Save us ! But don't ask us to do anything .)

The SpiderMan meme ("With great power comes great responsibility" ) can be discussed at leisure with Genghis Khan before he lops of your head . Or a wizard of Enron before he shuts of the power , or a banker before he kicks you out on the street .

"The tree of liberty must be refreshed by the blood of tyrants and patriots . " Jefferson

Things are bubbling at the moment . It is for this exact reason that the supervillains would be inclined to be reasonable given a logical alternative to mutual destruction .

And if they are not logical ? Oh well .


 

9."Does anybody know what he is doing ?"

The heartfeld cry from the humans , acting like sheep .They blame everybody except themselves for the actions of their chosen representatives .

When their extinction looms , they suddenly realise their chains of debt and pay their obligation to Gaia by fertilizing the planet .

Overdrawn at Gaia's Bank and Casino .

And the enforcers are at the door .

(Maybe they can get a short-term , high-interest loan from those friendly Scientists)


 

10. Another interesting aside .

If the Bilderbergers don't get their act together , DARPA , the Russians and the Chinese will eat them alive . After being billionaires , they could easily end up labouring in the fields they used to own . (Happened during the last Great Disturbance (Napoleon)) .

11. Even another interesting aside : The Russian equivalent .

Vladimir Putin laid it out when he was still a lowly colonel in the KGB : Russian Champions (his term . State sponsored private enterprise . Basically the origin of the Oligarchs (same as Larry Ellison with Oracle)) . A DARPA recipe .

They are all using variants of the same Ostrum principles . Remember , Ostrum published in 1990 . All these systems developed after that . The Quiet Revolution . Something that actually worked .


 

12. Which brings us back to the Bilderbergers : they are busy losing . Far from getting a grip , they are being eaten alive by DARPA , Russia and Chinese . The mess in Europe is the death struggles of a system which could not adapt .


 

13. The end of the Roman Empire

Like a bump in the carpet , the Roman empire kept on resurfacing . Roman Catholic Church , Greek Orthodox , Dutch , Swiss . The Dutch have lasted the longest (2 000 years , not bad) . But I would not write them off yet . Another trick like the Great Merger with Britain in 1688 , but this time with

Russia, China or DARPA is quite within their capabilities . They have a lot to offer . And they are not under the gun . But they will lose if they continue the way they are going .


 

14. So much for the Bilderbergers .

We have merely swapped king log for wannabe king stork .


 

15.As the Singularity rolls in , a peasant can take satisfaction that as money is equalized , at least his money is equalized less . But long before that , he will have to get of his lazy ass and take charge of his or her own life .


 

16. Poor little rich men . The Bilderbergers are quite rightly running scared . None of the competing systems (especially the Russian ones) will have any mercy . As much mercy as what was shown them . What comes around . Oh Well , Ostrum left mercy for the religions .


 

17. Isn't history exciting ?

When I started writing this , I thought the Bilderbergers had the upper hand , but as the argument progressed I could see they are desperate . The Ostrum Principles are eating them alive . Literally . Taking away resources .

The Predators are called DARPA , Russia , Chinese , but all the same thing .

The Unity of Europe is dead . The Ostrum Principles works best on small scales .Except for that pesky para 8 . I thought the breakdown of Europe would lead to incessant warfare . This would have been true if not for the presence of three competing Ostrum Systems : DARPA , Russia , China .

Europe then classifies as a failed state , mainly due to the incompetency of its bureaucracy (Brussels)

The same thing that sunk the old Roman Empire . They never learn .

Expect some fancy footwork by the Dutch . Well , they have been doing this for at least 2 000 years and still going strong . Masters at betrayal .


 

So much for the Bilderburgers.


 


 

18. Controlled break-up up EU .

Greece and Italy as semi-autonomous provinces of China is quite possible . Their own currencies and economies , like hong Kong . Subject to Ostrum Principles . The probability is nearly unity . The command and Control economies cannot compete with Ostrum principles .

The Russian Champions (Oligarchs) and DARPA Champions will be right in there .

Greed and Stupidity will get its own reward .


 

And so the human dance goes .

Andre


 

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Appendix I

DARPA

http://www.darpa.mil/

"Creating and Preventing Strategic surprise"

Their Mission Statement for once is spot on .

To do this it needed more than control . It needed enthusiastic , well-rewarded open participation . But under it's control . The Recipe of an Ostrum System .

Note the successes of Oracle , Internet , GPS ,Siri , etc to mention only a few .

Also note the absence of former adversaries .

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Appendix II

A very short summation .

Professional and Ostrum .

Andre Willers

25 Nov 2012

Synopsis:

We analyse demands on the Professional's attention using Ostrum Metarules .

Discussion :

The eight actual metarules are in Appendix I .A below . Humans do not have the capability of grasping or seeing them all at once , so we will have to do them item-by-item .


 

Can humans actually "grow"" to encompass all the 27 Rules necessary and Sufficient to describe the Universes ? . Not difficult at all . They then create new Universes , but make them more interesting by pinching boundaries .


 


 


 

1.The Common Resource is all the Information Demanding systems wanting a portion of the Professional's attention .

2.Tragedy of the Commons variant .

Exploitation of the free information to the max , with attempts to inhibit certain channels . Doomed to failure . The resource is effectively infinite , because (A + ~A < Universum) . No constraint is possible in the long term .

Short term constraints are possible .

3.Network Theory :

"Small worlds" networks are the general human networks of pushing information . This simply means that most information is sent and handled by "close" nexi , but there are long-range neurons that carry information to other nexi (or mirror networks) .

4.First Pass on Overstimulation of Information :

Simply pass it on to onto the subsidiary networks , except for Amygdala Interrupts . (See Appendix II)

5. Second pass :

Correlations have been made at very low levels . Rethinks .

6. Third and n'th passes :

You get the drift . The system refines itself through feedback processes .

7.Predictive rewards :

This is where we get to the nitty-gritty of Ostrum Systems .

Any farming system , agricultural or not, foregoes present reward for future benefits . You have to get Oabout eight things right to make a living .

Thoe domain of dopamine-systems . Once you enter it , you cannot leave it .


 

8. Humans farm the noosphere the same as they farm the land . But that same pesky 8'th term disturbs things . The relationship to higher Beth(x) beings . The disturbance is built-in and unavoidable.

9. Osrtum managed to get 7/8 system rules independent of the observer . A significant accomplishment .

What does this mean ? Small scale systems can be predicted and manipulated .

10. This means you !

A Small thing , but my own .

Andre

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Appendix I

The only Game in town .


 

The Ostrum Game

Andre Willers

30 Oct 2011


 

"One Game shall bind them all ." , ( with apologies to Tolkien)

"This time , we know for sure the grass is greener somewhere"

"A Revolution , any Revolution."


 

Synopsis :

A Game for Grown-ups .

The Eight Ostrum Design Principles are Meta-rules that generate self-consistent sets of rules that encompasses competition , co-operation , catastrophe , hierarchies and other systems undreamt of , all between discrete , interacting , self-organising systems .

Your avatar can go from SecondLife to Simworld , to War Worlds , to any desired locale .

Reality becomes a subset .


 

Discussion :

1.An incredible amount of money can be made .While money still has some meaning .

Without too much work . See Para 8 in Appendix A

Each Game Company is a base nested institution .

They bind easily together , releasing a lot of energy and money .

Explosive Feedback Synergism .

A run-up to the Singularity .


 

2.Feedback between Games and Reality :

The Meta-rules make no differentiation between Game-characters and Real-characters .

Indeed , many Real-characters have been spun into Game-characters , and vice-versa .

Think Sherlock Holmes , MacGyver , Gauss , young Werther etc

See "mirror-neuron networks" , any soap opera , etc .


 

Real-life problems get treated the same way as Game problems . The more diverse and sophisticated the Game interactions become , the more effect on any real or Game system .

Eventually , they become undistinguishable as technology progresses .


 

3.The Grass is provably greener somewhere .

Long known as a wishful thinking fallacy , until Ostrum published the Design Principles in 1990 .

This was the trigger event of under-the-surface knowledge about Ostrum Rules building up .

Suddenly , it became possible .


 

A Phase-change in the noosphere occurred .


 

It meant that a Disaster of the Commons or an Empire was not inevitable . Grandchildren could survive .


 

WE CAN MAKE THE GRASS GREENER , EVEN IF WE HAVE TO PAINT IT ONE BLADE AT A TIME .


 

Enormous tensions began surfacing . These effects are still playing out now .

A really , really major Hysterical Focus started forming , and is still intensifying .


 

Now , are you surprised that 1990 was the year of huge revolutions , when the USSR collapsed ?


 

The Ostrum Game beat the Ring of Power .


 

And you have not seen anything yet .


 

The pace of Revolutions is intensifying .

A good thing , if Homo wishes to escape extinction .


 

4.Automating Ostrum Rules :

They might be Meta-rules , but they are still rules .

We can certainly write programs that can serve to guide past most of the pitfalls and suggest alternatives .


 

5.Multicellular Bodies as Commons :

We can certainly analyze bodies in terms of Commons . The Dear Reader will find many interesting things if he does that .

Note the emphasis on communication .

Talk to your body . Aloud . And listen in the silences in between .

Create a virtual body and note the interactions .

Use the Ostrum Design principles .


 

6.Singularity :

It is immediately obvious that humans are then not limited to Real biochemical definitions of personality . The emphasis on communication means that personalities are distributed across Real and Game spaces . The Game space personality segments are only limited by internal non-contradictory rules . That can be done via Ostrum Design principles .


 

Not exactly instantaneous , but I can intuit that the time can be calculated . It would be less than real time .

The putative developing system would have ethical constraints on abandoning Real-part personalities under Ostrum Rules .

Told you it would be kindler , gentler .


 

7.Phase Change :

The system has already undergone an irrevocable phase change in 1990 .

You can fast-forward the rest .


 

8.Did Ostrum know what she was unleashing ?

The Revolutionary aspects , nearly certainly .

In her quiet way , she is one of the greatest Revolutionaries in Homo Sapiens history . Worthy of being called a Matriarch .


 

The Singularity aspect is more uncertain . She certainly knew that she unleashed major fairness , but the phase-change in the Noosphere I do not know .

Still , a tour-de-force .


 

How do feel like being a pet of your avatar ?


 

Andre .


 

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Appendix A

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom

To quote from Wiki : (comments in brackets are my own ).


 

" Ostrom identifies eight "design principles" of stable local common pool resource management:[10]

  1. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties;
    1. Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions; (Equal sharing of debts and rewards)
    2. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process; (Consensus decisions-no leveraged hierarchies)
    3. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators; (Policing)
    4. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules; (Opportunity to learn from mistakes )
    5. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access; (Fair and Fast Justice . See how Inquisitorial Justice systems like Chinese , French or Sharia does it.)
    6. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; (Autonomy within clearly defined levels . Something like a Federation.)
    7. In the case of larger common-pool resources,organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level. (Clear and quick relations with others. A potential sticky point with states.)

    Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Ostrom, Elinor, Cambridge University Press, 1990 "


     

    The most important book in the Twentieth Century .

    Try to read it .


     

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