Mysterious Pyramid Bumps
Andre Willers
7 Jan 2015
Synopsis :
The portrusions found on large stone blocks are yoke-stabilizers
for the strap-on rollers used to transport the blocks .
Discussion :
1.The bumps :
Menkaure pyramid , Egypt
Inca Roca wall , Cusco , Peru
See Appendix B for how these would stabilise rollers
strapped on .
Presumably , outward facing protrusions need not have been
trimmed , as they would been used to stabilize facing .
2.The solution in Appendix B (Strap-on rollers turning the
block into dodecagon(12 sided ) shape that can be easily moved over rough
terrain
without tearing up the surface seems to be the preferred
solution .
The protrusions on the blocks seem to fit the hypothesis .
Occams Razor applies .
Strap-on quarter wheel segments would need some prepared and
maintained roadway , as well as elaborate manufacture of the segments .
See Appendix C and Appendix A .
Something like the image below .
3. This would need an awful lot of wood .
We do an approximate estimate .
The Palermo Stone records of Snefru's reign:
“Bringing of 40 ships filled (with) cedar wood “ J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, §
146 <
Sneferu (also
read Snefru or Snofru), well known under his Hellenized name Soris (by Manetho), was the founder of the 4th
dynasty during the Old
Kingdom. Estimates of his reign vary, with for
instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a
reign from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC,[4] a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a
30-year reign,[5] and Stadelmann a 48-year reign.[6] He built at least three pyramids that survive to this
day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids
in Ancient Egypt.
A cargo ship then was about 80 tons (http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/seagoingvessels.htm
)
So , one fleet carried about 3 000 tons of
cedar wood . This is about 7650 cured, mature cedars . Average height about 100
feet . (based on American Red Ceder data)
Average pyramid block size was 5ft x 8ft x 12
ft . From the protrusions in the pyramid of Menke , it seems as it the rollers
were placed on the shortest size (The wood was more valuable than stone)
So , one tree yields about 100/5 =20 rollers .
A pyramid of 2.5 million blocks like Gizeh ,
built over 20 years would require 2.5x12/20 = 1.5 million trees .
Without reuse , that is 75 000 trees per
year , or about 10 fleets like Snefru’s per year .
But wood is very tough , durable material and
should easily last 10 reuses .
So one fleet a year should have been sufficient
.
4. Some consequences :
4.1 The Pharaohs had a vital interest in Libanon
(where the cedars grow) . This shaped their foreign policy towards the Middle
East .
See the Bible .
4.2 The roller logs retired from use became a
vital part of the Egyptian economy . Agricultural implements and transport especially
, since Egypt had no suitable wood of it’s own . Egyptians would probably have
starved if the timber supply dried up , as they could not get the harvest to
the storage facilities (never mind the tax collector)
The wood all eventually ended up as charcoal
for cooking fuel . Hence very little archaeological remains .
It is ironic that one of the major reasons for
building the pyramids is to have a large , steady supply of quality wood .
4.3 A similar argument can be made for Cusco .
The largest hardwood forests are in the Amazon basin , and requires large
resources to transport .
4.4 Religious connotations of the timber trade
.
The major myth of the ancient Egyptians was the
Osiris-Seth conflict , with the goddess Isis mixing in .
“Secretly Seth obtained the exact measurements
of the body of Osiris, and caused beautiful chest to be made that would fit
only him. It was fashioned of the rarest and most costly woods: cedar brought
from Lebanon, and ebony from Punt at the south end of the Red Sea for no wood
grows in Egypt except the soft and useless palm.
Then Seth gave a great feast in honour of
Osiris; but the other guests were the two-and-seventy conspirators. It was the
greatest feast that had yet been seen in Egypt, and the foods were choicer, the
wines stronger and the dancing girls more beautiful than ever before. When the
heart of Osiris had been made glad with feasting and song the chest was brought
in, and all were amazed at its beauty.
Osiris marveled at the rare cedar inlaid with
ebony and ivory, with less rare gold and silver, and
painted inside with figures of gods and birds and animals, and he desired it
greatly.
"I will give this chest to whosoever fits
it most exactly!" cried Seth. And at once the conspirators began in turn
to see if they could win it. But one was too tall and another too short; one
was too fat and another too thin - and all tried in vain.
"Let me see if I will fit into this
marvelous piece of work," said Osiris, and he laid himself down in the
chest while all gathered round breathlessly.
"I fit exactly, and the chest is
mine!" cried Osiris.
"And the chest is mine!"
"It is yours indeed, and shall be so
forever!" hissed Seth as he banged down the lid. Then in desperate haste
he and the conspirators nailed it shut and sealed every crack with molten lead,
so that Osiris the man died in the chest and his spirit went west across the
Nile into Duat the Place of Testing; but, beyond it to Amenti, where those live
for ever who have lived well on earth and passed the judgments of Duat, he
could not pass as yet”
Like all myths , it is about 1/3 truth and 2/3
myth and has to be translated .
Hint : Use one myth to decode another one . See
To appreciate history , you have to think
outside the box .
Ask Osiris .
Andre
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Appendix A
One of the ancient Egyptian technologies :
“Moving large stones .
This problem has been solved by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities during their excavations of the workers’ quarters near the Pyramids . They found toy quarter-circles in childrens’ graves . They were mimicking in play what their parents did .
Strap four wooden quarter-circles to square and you have a circle . The stone blocks were not dragged , they were rolled . (This has been done in actual reconstruction with pyramid blocks) . Really large blocks (thousands of tonnes) can be moved by this method . The only limitation is the strength of wood and the strength of the surface over which it must roll . It can easily be calculated , but even cursory examination shows that it must be very large (cf mass capacity of wooden , wheeled cart)”
This problem has been solved by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities during their excavations of the workers’ quarters near the Pyramids . They found toy quarter-circles in childrens’ graves . They were mimicking in play what their parents did .
Strap four wooden quarter-circles to square and you have a circle . The stone blocks were not dragged , they were rolled . (This has been done in actual reconstruction with pyramid blocks) . Really large blocks (thousands of tonnes) can be moved by this method . The only limitation is the strength of wood and the strength of the surface over which it must roll . It can easily be calculated , but even cursory examination shows that it must be very large (cf mass capacity of wooden , wheeled cart)”
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Appendix B
Did physicists just
solve the construction mystery of the Great Pyramid?
SCIENCEALERT STAFF
28 AUG 2014
Exactly how the
colossal Great Pyramid of Giza was built has been debated
furiously for centuries. While Egyptologists generally agree that the
146.5-metre-high structure was built over a period of 10 to 20 years, no one
has been able to prove how 2.4 million enormous limestone blocks were
transported from several nearby quarries and stacked so perfectly in a pyramid
shape using nothing but whatever basic construction technologies were available
at the time.
One popular
theory is that the blocks were dragged across strips of sand
that had been loosened with water to reduce friction. But this raises the
question of how the workers would have transported all the water they needed to
the location of the blocks, because just like limestone blocks, water is
incredibly heavy too!
Perhaps, proposes a
different theory, the workers attached quarter-circle wheels to the flat
surfaces of the blocks, turning them into easy-rolling cylinder shapes. But the
problem with this hypothesis is that it's not particularly practical when you
consider it in relation to the roads these cylinders would need to roll along.
The pressure exerted by the blocks on the roads as they were rolled towards the
construction would have effortlessly torn them up, necessitating constant
maintenance by the otherwise engaged workers.
But a new study led
by physicist Joseph West from Indiana State University in the US has offered up
a pretty promising theory. The Physics arXiv Blog explains:
"Their approach
considerably reduces the ground pressure but at the same time allows the blocks
to be moved with significantly less effort than dragging. They have even tested
the idea to measure the amount of force workers would have had to use to move
the blocks. Their idea is remarkably simple. They strap wooden rods to a
block, turning its profile from a square into a dodecagon, which can then be
moved more easily by rolling."
Image: West, Gallagher and Waters
West and his
colleagues tried their theory out on a scale model made from a concrete block
weighing almost 30 kg. After they strapped the four sets of three wooden rods
to each side of the block, they attached a rope to the top, which could be used
to pull on the crude wheel-like structure and get it rolling. They measured how
much force would be needed to set the stone rolling, and found that it was only
around 0.15 times the entire weight of the stone, which is feasible, even for
the largest stones used in the Great Pyramid.
"Of course, these
researchers do not address the question of whether there is any evidence that
the pyramids were constructed in this way, only that this would certainly seem
a good option, not least because of the reduced wear and tear on the
thoroughfares to and from the pyramid,” says the Physics arXiv Blog. "Indeed, they say the
mechanism would work without a formal, engineered road.”
The team is in
agreement with that assessment, concluding the
study by asserting the need for further research into the
theory: “It would seem that some variation of rolling the blocks should now be
considered to be among the 'best' and most likely method used to move the
stones for the great pyramids."
Source:Physics arXiv Blog, io9
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Appendix C
Nile Delta Artifacts
& Construction Theory
Did the builders of the Great
Pyramid construct the world's first railroad? After reading Dr. Parry's
proposal that the ancient pyramid builders may have rolled the stone blocks
(enclosed in wooden 1/4 circle "cradles") from the quarries along earthen
ramps to the top of the pyramid, I hypothesized a bit further and came up with
the following scenario, disposing with both the massive earthen ramps (though
allowing for smaller rubble ramps at the base) and encircling spiral external
masonry ramp, and replacing them with a ladder & drum system, where
adjacent wooden ladder rails (from which the 1/4 circles were cut out) were
interlinked. The pyramid builders were familiar with the potters wheel, the
drum, the wheeled scaling ladder, (probably not the spoked chariot wheel), and
were likely very resourceful with wood materials. Compare these ladders to the
"rail.bmp" image further down.
Wheeled ladder at tomb of Kaemheset, 5th dynasty (note multiple reinforced parallel rails)
Per the images below, the ladder rail could interlink linearly or at an angle (1:4) to permit raising the stones (using peripheral pull with a simple wheel winch from above). This railroad could support the transport of heavy stone blocks over soft, wet and uneven ground (during the annual Nile flood, when farm workers left the sodden fields to work on the pyramid). The same setup could be converted to a raft, to transfer granite and limestone across the Nile and along canals to the Giza Harbor. Interestingly, Dr. Parry's book mentions the significance of the Scarab dung beetle, it's habit of rolling balls of dung, and how the Egyptians glorified this symbolically by having the mythical scarab Khepera, roll the sun across the sky. Possibly, a drawing of a scarab enclosed in a disk surrounded by a band represents a stone block encased in 4 quarter circle cradles banded together. Note figures 11, 17, 20 and 22 in David Talbotts paper at this link. http://www.bearfabrique.org/Catastrophism/Saturn/shipart.html
The "railroad" correlates well with the 1/4 circle cradles, however it would also make sledge transit more effective, somewhat like Nova's* depiction in the program "This Old Pyramid", and would work with pulling oxen (they had no yokes, they used rope around the throat of the ox, so I doubt they pulled stone up steep slopes), pulling teams of workmen, or more likely IMO, 1/4 cradle wheel winches pulling from above while on slopes, and pushing from behind while on level surface.
Note the photos of the transverse timber ties embedded into the ramp at this site:
http://www.catchpenny.org/howbuilt.html
Quite similar to railroad ties on an inclined slope. Note that "slipways" of the same style have been found in the bed of the Nile, used during low flow to move boats and freight across.
"This Old Pyramid":
*Narrarator: "(log) Rollers work good, but only on a smooth, hard surface. So, they're of no use on sandy site. At neighboring pyramid complexes, the remains of clay roadbeds have been found into which the ancient Egyptians imbedded wood, like railway ties. Perhaps a sled loaded with one of Roger's two-ton blocks will slide over this surface".
MARK LEHNER: We're going to try to...wet the ties and make it slippery, and see if it goes on the ties without a layer of slick clay. If just the ties, the wooden ties themselves - sleepers - will carry the sled.
Wheeled ladder at tomb of Kaemheset, 5th dynasty (note multiple reinforced parallel rails)
Per the images below, the ladder rail could interlink linearly or at an angle (1:4) to permit raising the stones (using peripheral pull with a simple wheel winch from above). This railroad could support the transport of heavy stone blocks over soft, wet and uneven ground (during the annual Nile flood, when farm workers left the sodden fields to work on the pyramid). The same setup could be converted to a raft, to transfer granite and limestone across the Nile and along canals to the Giza Harbor. Interestingly, Dr. Parry's book mentions the significance of the Scarab dung beetle, it's habit of rolling balls of dung, and how the Egyptians glorified this symbolically by having the mythical scarab Khepera, roll the sun across the sky. Possibly, a drawing of a scarab enclosed in a disk surrounded by a band represents a stone block encased in 4 quarter circle cradles banded together. Note figures 11, 17, 20 and 22 in David Talbotts paper at this link. http://www.bearfabrique.org/Catastrophism/Saturn/shipart.html
The "railroad" correlates well with the 1/4 circle cradles, however it would also make sledge transit more effective, somewhat like Nova's* depiction in the program "This Old Pyramid", and would work with pulling oxen (they had no yokes, they used rope around the throat of the ox, so I doubt they pulled stone up steep slopes), pulling teams of workmen, or more likely IMO, 1/4 cradle wheel winches pulling from above while on slopes, and pushing from behind while on level surface.
Note the photos of the transverse timber ties embedded into the ramp at this site:
http://www.catchpenny.org/howbuilt.html
Quite similar to railroad ties on an inclined slope. Note that "slipways" of the same style have been found in the bed of the Nile, used during low flow to move boats and freight across.
"This Old Pyramid":
*Narrarator: "(log) Rollers work good, but only on a smooth, hard surface. So, they're of no use on sandy site. At neighboring pyramid complexes, the remains of clay roadbeds have been found into which the ancient Egyptians imbedded wood, like railway ties. Perhaps a sled loaded with one of Roger's two-ton blocks will slide over this surface".
MARK LEHNER: We're going to try to...wet the ties and make it slippery, and see if it goes on the ties without a layer of slick clay. If just the ties, the wooden ties themselves - sleepers - will carry the sled.
·
Rolling
Stones Railway - (Giza Pyramid
rail-ramps-rafts-roads) -
·
Details
·
Download
·
879 KB
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Details
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Download
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879 KB
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Details
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Download
·
3 MB
[Images show beams narrower
than actual, for better view]
Stone block drum rolling on Giza railramps, rolling on tracks & culverts over soft ground, rafting on reed rail-rafts.
Exterior stone blocks of the pyramids were carefully squared and carved to fit together, but interior blocks were much rougher, the rough cut odd shaped stones would have required wooden spacer shims to fit the cradles properly. Partly filled woven sand bags of palm or reed fibers, (commonly used in areas with flooding rivers such as the Nile), would allow even very rough blocks to fit snugly encased in the 1/4 circle cradle drums.
Hypothesized "Giza Rectilinear Railroad", by Dave "Diesel" Deden
Stone block drum rolling on Giza railramps, rolling on tracks & culverts over soft ground, rafting on reed rail-rafts.
Exterior stone blocks of the pyramids were carefully squared and carved to fit together, but interior blocks were much rougher, the rough cut odd shaped stones would have required wooden spacer shims to fit the cradles properly. Partly filled woven sand bags of palm or reed fibers, (commonly used in areas with flooding rivers such as the Nile), would allow even very rough blocks to fit snugly encased in the 1/4 circle cradle drums.
Hypothesized "Giza Rectilinear Railroad", by Dave "Diesel" Deden
·
An Egyptian obelisk was
rolled to a British ship by encasing it in a cask-like container not dissimilar
to this method, and then transited to London. Another was attempted, but the
ship sank in the Mediterranean Sea.
·
King Herod's temple was
built using stones which were rolled to the site. The huge base stones were cut
into 200 ton cylinders and rolled to the specific spot, then chipped into
rectangular blocks(1). Once the base outline of the temple was complete, only
the temple priests were employed, following strict temple rules. The smaller
wall stones were squared and finished at the quarries, then encased in wood
drums and rolled to the temple to be assembled by the priest construction crew.
(1)
Per the
film "In the time of Jesus" by Readers Digest.
Here's information on England's Stonehenge, a possible roof, and how the huge stones were moved, quite similar to Dick Parry's
idea of how the Giza Pyramid stone blocks were moved in 1/4 circle wood cradles.
http://www.stonehenge.tv/roller.html
http://www.stonehenge.tv/gallery.html
Relevant links:
[[/http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=376]]
[[/http://www.archpark.org.il/netscape/article.asp?id=67]]
[[/http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/075093414X/ancientegyptm-21]]
[[/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids_construction_techniques]]
[[/http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Vault/9054/artanca.html]]
Here's information on England's Stonehenge, a possible roof, and how the huge stones were moved, quite similar to Dick Parry's
idea of how the Giza Pyramid stone blocks were moved in 1/4 circle wood cradles.
http://www.stonehenge.tv/roller.html
http://www.stonehenge.tv/gallery.html
Relevant links:
[[/http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=376]]
[[/http://www.archpark.org.il/netscape/article.asp?id=67]]
[[/http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/075093414X/ancientegyptm-21]]
[[/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids_construction_techniques]]
[[/http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Vault/9054/artanca.html]]
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